im a minecraft developer to some extent aswell as someone who is familular with some games and how they work, anyways...
edit 2 : bed rock version is also another term for, windows edition, xbox edition, ps edition and mobile editon of minecraft
: D there all connnected and called bed rock edition respectidly,
edit : also the difference between Windows edition and java editon, java edition you download from the mojang site, windows edition you download from the windows store (the store thing on your pc that wont frick off)
the difference between Minecraft Java and Minecraft Windows 10 edition is simple, with windows 10 edition you are pretty limited with what you can do, you can host a realm aswell as be able to purchase skins and what not via the Minecraft marketplace however because Windows 10 edition is sorta Microsofts adaptation of the Game Minecraft and because they own Mineraft now Windows 10 is able to cross platform with other platforms like mobile, ps4 xbox and of course windows..
With Java edition however.. Java edition is specific to PC and by far if you have the right pc better, but that is my opinion, Java edition allows users to connect to any minecraft server aslong as therre is a ip and port / domain provided unlike Windows 10 your not limited to a small amount of cross platform / windows edition minecraft servers... you dont get access to the Market Place but thats primarly because java edition is a bit more bigger that, its easier so import maps to your install of mc aswell as update your own skin, you can create and find some skins to use on the java edition on this site however i should hope you dont find any skins from here on the market place or vise versa..
To sum it up;
Minecraft Java Edition : (also its very intermate dependig on how you plan to use java editon, i aslo think you get a free key when you buy java edition)
No market place (freeeeee bby) > able to download maps and skins off the internet to use
servers > have access to all kinds of modded and plugin bassed servers if you have the correct information
Own server > If you plan to have a crap ton of people Java edition is that way howeber this can get expensive plus its not as easier as a realm...
Minecraft Windows Edtion : (very user friendly, very basic and easy to understand)
Minecraft Market Place (costs) > Maps, Skins, etc,
Servers > Limited to around 3 servers since last i checked but these servers are decently big companies on java edition, for example the Hive (love saying that word) has opened a server for the cross platform users of Minecraft windows edition.
Own server > Minecraft Offers to host a realm for x amount a month and if your just wanting to play with friends this is a good way to go about doing it
Feel free to read other peoples comments, just note this is the longest thing i have wrote in over a year so if i sound like a drunken salour its prob because i am xD and if i have helped you in no way shape or form, i must of gottten carried away again with my texts xD
either way hope i helped in some way, have a nice day : D