The first E233-0 series train was introduced in December 2006 for use on the Chūō Line (Rapid), Ōme, and Itsukaichi lines, replacing the aging 201 series trains. The fleet of 688 E233-0 series vehicles (10-car x 42, 6-car x 28, 4-car x 25) was delivered by the end of March 2008;
42 ten-car sets T1-T42, and 15 6+4-car sets H43-H57 were constructed
primarily for use on the Chūō Line (but also on through services to the
Ōme, Itsukaichi, Hachikō, and Fujikyuko
Lines), while ten four-car sets Ao458-Ao467 and 13 six-car sets
Ao658-Ao670 were constructed for the Ōme Line and Itsukaichi Line. In
March 2008 and April 2015, sets Ao458+Ao658 and Ao459+Ao659 were
transferred to the Chūō Line and renumbered H58 and H59 respectively.


An additional five cars were built at JR East's Niitsu factory in
2009 to replace five cars from six-car set Ao661 withdrawn due to
accident damage in 2008.


In 2017, six-car set Ao670 was modified to become E233-8500 series set N36 for use on the Nambu Line alongside the fleet of E233-8000 series sets.


Beginning in 2019, toilets are being installed on 58 trains in
advance of Green Cars being added to the Chūō Line (and through services
to the Ōme Line) in 2023.


On 11 June 2020, a new ten-car set T71 was delivered from J-TREC
Yokohama as an additional spare train during toilet installation and
Green Car modifications.