Please note this is not the only starters guide, check out http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Minecraft_Wiki

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The Minecraft Launcher
This launcher requires an account, buy one at https://minecraft.net (Before starting the guide try the demo)

Next, When you have bought your account, and configured it correctly, Please type your username and password in the two boxes named "Username" and "Password". Then click login and wait for minecraft to download, if you allready downloaded it then it will login quickly

Minecraft Singleplayer

Keys:
W = Forward
A = Left
D = Right
S = back
E = open inventory

Left Click = Break block / Attack
Right Click = Place block / Use block / Use item
Middle Click = I may have forgot.... Go to http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Minecraft_Wiki

T = Chat
/ = Chat (Command)
TIP: type /help for command list.
TIP ended
Esc = Options menu
TIP: Save and quit to title saves your world and takes you to the main menu.
TIP ended
End of keys list.

Mobs:

More detailed List: http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Minecraft_Wiki
Hostile if hit, Helping if tamed
Wolf - Tame with bones, when tamed right click to make the wolf sit (This mob will kill sheep for you)
Ridable if tamed
Horse - Right click to get on and LSHIFT to get off, tame by getting on the horse and if it throws you back off go on it again, etc, then press E and give it a saddle when tamed. It is optional to add horse armour. If the horse is a baby feed it sugar, apples, carrots, and much more. Give it a golden apple to make it fall in love with anather nearby horse... Dont look while its making love... They spend a whole 30 secconds... you know.
Ridable
Pig - Will be ridable if you right click it with a saddle, it will move in the direction you are holding your "Carrot on a stick (This is an item)"
Not ridable but tamebale:
Ocelot - A fast creature that can be tamed
Not hostile and may drop items when killed
Pig - will drop "Raw Porkchop" when killed, put this in a furnace with some coal and off you go
TIP: How to make a furnace: 8 cobblestone in a square shape in a crafting table
TIP: How to make a Crafting Table: 4 wooden planks in a square shape in your "In-invantory crafting table"
End of tips
Sheep - Will drop "Wool" when killed or sheered ( Sheer with right click )
How to make a sheer: http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Shears
Squid - Can swim in water, and when killed will drop inc sac.
Chicken - Will drop "Raw chicken" or/and "Feather" when killed
Mooshroom - A cow with a diffrent texture that also drops mushrooms
Hostile if hit
Zombie Pigman - When hit, every zombie pigman in the world will attack you
Enderman - If you look at its eyes, it will kill you
Hostile

Blaze Cave Spider Creeper Ghast Magma Cube Silverfish Skeleton

Slime Spider Spider Jockey Witch Wither Skeleton Zombie Zombie Villager

Utility
Iron golem
Snow golem
Bosses
Wither
Ender dragon
Unused
GAINT

End of mobs list

BELOW I AM NOT BOTHERED TO WRITE MORE STUFF. I THINK GAMEPEDIA WILL GIVE YOU MORE INFO THAN ME.

Some blocks that are usefull:

Coal ore - When mined, it will create coal, put these in the bottom of furnaces to cook stuff. or craft torches

Find more blocks at http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Minecraft_Wiki

Items:

Find more items at http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Minecraft_Wiki