Create a clock and make a command block with this written in it:

/testforblock X Y Z (block)

Then put a comparator out of it, and make an OFF gate.

The OFF gate should lead to a command block with

/setblock X Y Z (block)

first, use a command block to test for the stone item like this: "/scoreboard objectives add <objectiveNameHere> dummy" and then to add stone to it you do: "/scoreboard players add @e[type=item] <objectiveNameHere> 1 {Item:{id:"minecraft:stone"}}". Then, we need to set the block of where the stone is like this: "execute @e[type=item,score_<objectiveNameHere>_min=3] ~ ~ ~ setblock ~ ~ ~ minecraft:stone 6". And then kill the stone: "/kill @e[type=item,score_<objectiveNameHere>_min=3]". However, if the player drops stone, you'll need to prevent that stone item from turning into an andesite block. So, you can create another scoreboard: "/scoreboard objectives add <objectiveNameHere2> stat.drop.minecaft.stone". Then, do this to make sure that the stone is not turned into andesite: "/execute @a ~ ~ ~ entitydata @e[type=item,r=2] {PickupDelay:0b}" This is also why I did a min of 3 instead of 1 just in case.

Do you want a block to be placed at the position of the block a player just broke or do you want the dropped item to turn into another block?

Have an ever-running command that replaces any air block within a said distance or cords with andesite. That would be the easiest way to do it imo.