Autobot - They're the good guys, to put it simply.
Decepticon - They're evil.
Maximal - These guys are the descendants of the Autobots from far in the future, and, after the Great War is over, tend to be the ones that rule over Cybertron. A small team of Maximals aboard the
Axalon are notable for having chased a team of Predacons through space and time, crash landing on prehistoric Earth and taking the forms of local mammals.
Predacon - The descendants of the Decepticons, also from far in the future. A small team of Predacon criminals aboard the
Darksyde, led by a bot who took the name of Megatron after a mythical figure from the Covenant of Primus (the Cybetronian Bible), are notable for performing the heist of the century and stealing the Golden Disk, before being chased back to prehistoric Earth by the
Axalon, and crashing on the planet, where they took the forms of various insects and reptiles. The original Predacons were introduced in the third season of the original
The Transformers cartoon in late 1986, and turned into animals that could combine into Predaking. They're also the namesake of the future Predacon faction.
Mercenary - This a rather new faction, first introduced in 2019, but they're a bunch of, well, mercenaries, scattered across the stars.
Terrorcon - This faction is much newer, only introduced in the
Rise of the Beasts film in June 2023 (but revealed a year earlier). They're servants of Unicron, who bring him to new worlds, which he then devours. The original Terrorcons were introduced in the third season of the original
The Transformers cartoon in late 1986, and were monstrous creatures that combined to form Abominus.
Quintesson - They're an alien race, and their characterization varies across universes, but they normally are the creators of the Transformers or (as they're portrayed nowadays) claim to be their creators. Either way, they tend to be driven off-world by a Transformer rebellion.
NAIL - First introduced in the 2005 IDW continuity,
non-
aligned
indigenous
lifeforms are bots who left Cybertron when the war began and remained neutral.