Good question!
The Java edition is the original Minecraft as it once was developed by Notch and later Mojang. You can play alone or with others but only if they also play using the Java edition. The main advantage of this version is that it can be fully customized and you can basically do whatever you want. Either using
datapacks or
mods or just build stuff yourself.
But you can also do less intrusive stuff such as changing your skin (your player appearance) which you can do right from the launcher. That's the main advantage of the Java edition: there is
a lot of (free) contents available. For example, if you'd like a different skin (player appearance) then all you have to do is check out Planet Minecraft's
skin section.
The Windows 10 version aka Bedrock edition is a rewrite which is targeted at mobile platforms; it is compatible with Minecraft versions running on most gaming platforms like XBox, Nintendo and I also believe the mobile versions. Meaning: if you play the Win10 version then you can play together with someone who is playing Minecraft on a Nintendo. Unfortunately this doesn't include the Playstation because Sony didn't feel comfortable with giving non-Playstation environments access to their network.
Another possible disadvantage is that the environment is more locked down. If you want to change your skin for example then you'll most likely need to purchase a skin pack. Modding doesn't really exist on Bedrock to my knowledge.
As to some playing tips...You could always consider switching to creative mode. This gives you full access to every item in the game and it is ideal if you only want to build stuff. If you have 'cheats' enabled then simply use the command
/gamemode creative. So press
/ and then type the rest of the command. If you don't have cheats enabled you can still cheat ;) Just pause your game, click "Open to LAN" and be sure to enable cheats. Then you can use commands during the rest of that session.
Commands can also help you to give you a little boost. Are you getting tired of not being able to find iron but you still would like to play more? Just give yourself some iron:
- /give @p iron_ingot or: /give @p iron_ore.
Maybe that could help?