VERSION
This city was built on version 1.14.4. You can play with later versions but at your own risk (it may cause problems to the map).

INFO
It was five years ago, 2015. At the beginning I wanted to build a simple Ziqqurat for fun but... After that I thought: I have to build an entire city around it.
This map was built initially on Xbox 360 block by block, after I transferred the map on pc and continued it with World Editor. It is obviously a fictitious city and it never existed. There are a few secrets like historical curiosities (for example, we still don't know where Alexander the great was buried, so I built a tomb, in which I invented that he was buried there). There is also an Assyrian abandoned settlement, who conquered Lakandahar in 858 BC and destroyed the majority of the city; then, this settlement was destroyed by the Assirians when they conquered the city.
This is not the final map: I might adjust some details and buildings over time and update the map. Sorry for my English, I'm Italian. Write in the comments what do you think about the map and if you have questions to ask!

LACANDRIA
Lacandria, also known as Lakandahar, is a very ancient city located in present-day Syria. The city still exists today and is the capital of the Federal Republic of Lacandria, but that's another story. The city you can see now is the representation of how it looked like in 340 AD, a few days before its conquest and sack by the Roman emperor Constantius II. Lacandria is the capital of the homonymous kingdom: it is because it is where the tor (king) and the Minadiga (a kind of ante litteram parliament) reside; moreover, Lacandria is also the headquarters of the Legio I Lacandrina which, in addition to being the largest of the four Lacandrine legions, it is also the personal guard of the tor. The city, like the kingdom, is a crossroads of completely different cultures and religions; the main characteristic, however, is that they coexist peacefully (almost always, at least). In the streets of the capital you can find Lacandrine temples, Greco-Roman temples, Christian temples and temples of other middle-eastern gods (such as Mithras or Isis). The Lacandrine kingdom was the freest of the ancient era: freedom of speech, religion and behavior were considered normal, there were no slaves but independent servants. We must be careful, however, because it was not free as it is the world today: the tor held all the powers, the Minadiga was only an advisory body - it was only concerned with proposing new laws (although we must say that almost every tor took every proposal seriously) and had the task to elect a new tor when the previous one no longer had heirs and could no longer continue his dynasty; the Minadigius Maximus (and, later, paired with the Minadigia Maxima - the female counterpart) had the task of advising the tor and communicated the Minadiga's proposals at each palace meeting. The Lacandrines have already invented many things before their time: the most incredible inventions are the bell ("Aes" in Latin, used both for churches and as an alarm), the wooden drawbridge ("Pons mobilis" in Latin) and the iron portcullis ("Cataracta" in Latin, it was already invented by the Romans, but the lacandrines improved it). All these inventions were a secret: only the tor and the Minadigii Maximi knew the techniques to build these inventions.

BRIEF HISTORY
It is estimated that the town of Lakandahar was founded around 4000 BCE as a village, after some nomads, perhaps coming from the coasts of the Caspian Sea, decided to settle in that area. The first "revolution" took place in 3792 BCE, when the first tor, Lakandahar, was elected among the citizens, from who the name of the city was derived; In fact, it was his successor Lakandaham I to give this name to the inhabited center. Lakandahar built the first permanent houses and established the first nucleus of the city which would evolve over time, and a long canal with which wheat was cultivated. Lakandahar also built the first grain storage for any potential famine, he gave birth to the Minair (a kind of symposium where people used to eat and talk in company) and he built his own private home where to stay and receive guests. The Ziggurat (in Lacandrine: Zig-qurat; in Latin: Zigguras, -atis) was built during the reign of its successor, Lakandaham I, and was used not only as a deposit but also as a throne room and as a temple to the goddess Ashnan (goddess of grain, the same god prayed by the Sumerians). Tor Lakandaham III, however, thought that using the Ziggurat building as a regal house was a sacrilege to Ashnan, so he built a palace outside the walls, which was used by the tors until the end of the empire (around 858 BCE).
In Lakandahar there have been eight dynasties, including a mythical one, but there is no evidence of this one; however, the mythical dynasty was probably composed by the people who settled in Lakandahar territory before the election of the first tor. It was this people, probably, to build the village on the other side of the acropolis, which, for unknown reasons, was abandoned to move across the hill. Lacandrine tor Phaenicaesh, also historian and philosopher, wrote that there was another civilization before the mythical dynasty, the people of Minanuya.

The Lakandahar empire ended around 858 BC, due to the brutal territorial expansion of the Assyrians. The surviving inhabitants will flee to Cyprus and there they would create the kingdom of Phaelater, which will survive until the 6th century BCE and will mainly live in the Mediterranean trade. A new kingdom will be founded only in 331 BCE, by one of the generals of Alexander the Great, Athenogenes I; in fact, the Macedonian had deep respect for Athenogenes, who had the better experience in war, and allowed him to take control of the territory around Lakandahar (which the Greeks knew as Lacandria) as a satrap (but he was perceived as a tor by the Lacandrines and acted like he was). Right after Alexander's death, Lacandria officially became one of the numerous Hellenistic kingdoms. For forty-four years, during the Nicephorus I's regime and then Nicephorus II, the capital moved from Lacandria to Callinicum because of an attack by the Seleucid Empire, which strongly damaged the former capital. The Hellenistic kingdom of Lacandria will last until 17 BC when tor Lucius Papirius Probus (a roman), a trusted friend of Augustus, betrayed the alliance with the Romans by conquering Roman territories in modern Turkey; the city will be conquered for punishment by the Romans, and Augustus will also build an arch to show his authority. He will give freedom to the citizens only in 11 AD by organizing the election of a new tor: Helvetius. The kingdom of Lakandahar was therefore apparently independent, because it was actually a cliens of Rome (an autonomous territory which was actually controlled by a stronger entity). However, he had a lot of privileges: the army was personal, so the Romans intervened only in critical moments, and the Minadiga (the Lacandrine assembly) had been re-established (but had a much smaller power than the past). Furthermore, the Lacandrines' army had the task of helping the Roman, and with this rule it was possible to stabilize the Roman conquest of Mesopotamia. The kingdom was strongly influenced by the Romans; in fact, gladiator games were introduced, they built stages in greek theatres and built new ones, a circus and various temples devoted to Roman gods, although few people believed in the Roman religion and the temples were dedicated to the Romans only by name and not in fact (in fact, the citizens went to pray Lacandrine gods: for example, Jupiter was associated to Macathen) and even after the construction of the "Temple of the Lacandrine gods" this used to happen. The Roman kingdom of Lakandahar ended in 340, when it was officially annexed to the Roman empire after a war that lasted almost a year: this happened because the Lacandrine kingdom became more and more independent from Rome, and the Romans didn't like it. Since then, no tors were elected and the Minadiga was dismantled (members of the institution, however, became senators or were allowed to enter in other Roman institutions). A new kingdom, though, with capital Ebla, will be created only around 400 AD, by the rebel and the future Eblaite king Cassander.

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TOR LIST
Lacandrine Empire

(Lakandahar-torir)

3092 BCE - 858 BCE

Maximum expansion of the empire: 1219 BCE


Subdivision of the empire in "La" by tor Tuttanabucasur II (each "La" is ruled by a "Tadimir")

This list comes from an ancient stele found in Halab. The tors of the mythical dynasty had a comment.

MYTHICAL DYNASTY (?-?)
According to the mythical chronology, the five kings of the Kahen dynasty, called by scholars "mythical" because there is no concrete evidence of their existence, ruled for 150 years each. It seems, of course, highly unlikely, but other dates are impossible to carry out. We know, however, that there was a pre-Nevur settlement of Lakandahar (it is known that it was a city that already existed when tor Lakandahar came to power), probably ruled by his ancestors, dating back to the 4th millennium BC.

Kahenar (3842-3542? BCE) - The Immense, who founded our ancestry
Kahenam (3692-3542? BCE) - Son of the Immense
Kahenais (3542-3392? BCE) - Founder of the Institutions
Kahenash (3392-3242? BCE) - The great commander and conqueror
Kahenak (3242-3092? BCE) - The one who has made useful alliances

LAK - FIRST DYNASTY (3092-2773)
Lakandahar (3092-3046 BCE)
Lakandaham I (3046-3025 BCE)
Lakandaham II (3025-2989 BCE)
Lakandahak I (2989-2940 BCE)
Lakandahak II (2940-2890 BCE)
Lakandahais I (2890-2828 BCE)
Lakandahais II (2828-2793 BCE)
Lakandaham III (2793-2773 BCE)

TUTTIL - SECOND DYNASTY (2773-2664)
Tuttilish I (2773-2720 BCE)
Tuttilish II (2720-2699 BCE)
Tuttilear (2699-2664 BCE)

HAL - THIRD DYNASTY (2664-2467)
Halabir (2664-2650 BCE)
Halrakka (2650-2612 BCE)
Haltadimir I (2612-2576 BCE)
Haltadimir II (2576-2525 BCE)
Halabir II (2525-2493 BCE)
Haltaya (2493-2467 BCE)

PHAENICA - FOURTH DYNASTY (2467-2211)
Phaenicaesh (2467-2413 BCE)
Phaenicaer (2413-2388 BCE)
Phaenicasuru (2388-2345 BCE)
Phaenicaesh II (2345-2340 BCE)
Phaenicarasi (2340-2275 BCE)
Iken-Phaenica (2275-2268 BCE)

Tors from 2268 BCE to 533 BCE are known thanks to another stele, found in today's Alexandretta.

Phaenica-Turunish (2268-2245 BCE)
Phaenicaesh III (2245-2228 BCE)
Phaenica-Tasurei (2228-2211 BCE)

HAK - FIFTH DYNASTY (2211-1939)
Hakcashur (2211-2189 BCE)
Sikkahak (2189-2155 BCE)
Haklamur (2155-2146 BCE)
Hakcashur II (2146-2129 BCE)
Sikkahak II (2129-2110 BCE)
Hakhaicam (2110-2087 BCE)
Nuyahak (2087-2045 BCE)
Sikkahak III (2045-2010 BCE)
Nuyahak II (2010-1990 BCE)
Hakcashur III (1990-1939 BCE)

SIRI - SIXTH DYNASTY (1939-1631)
Siricamanush (1939-1920 BCE)
Siricasur (1920-1900 BCE)
Siricasur II (1900-1885 BCE)
Sirirasur (1885-1862 BCE)
Siriar (1862-1853 BCE)
Siriam (1853-1828 BCE)
Siriar II (1828-1790 BCE)
Siriak (1790-1761 BCE)
Siriar III (1761-1723 BCE)
Siricasur III (1723-1708 BCE)
Misiriaoh (1708-1691 BCE)
Siriphushopi (1691-1677 BCE)
Misiriaoh II (1677-1650 BCE)
Sirikamma (1650-1631 BCE)

NATUR - SEVENTH DYNASTY (1631-1425)
Naturmaru (1631-1616 BCE)
Natursin (1616-1594 BCE)
Naturqatais (1594-1565 BCE)
Naturmaru II (1565-1539 BCE)
Natur-Ocani (1539-1512 BCE)
Naturqatais II (1512-1486 BCE)
Naturmaru III (1486-1455 BCE)
Naturkukku (1455-1425 BCE)

NABU - EIGHTH DYNASTY (1425-1235)
Nabucaser (1425-1411 BCE)
Nabunenocmi (1411-1399 BCE)
Naburitnei (1399-1358 BCE)
Nabucanahem (1358-1304 BCE)
Nabucahinaem (1304-1270 BCE)
Tuttanabucasur (1370-1252 BCE)
Nabucash-Hallamur (1252-1235 BCE)

NINTH KINGDOM (1235-858)
Tuttanabucasur II (1235-1190 BCE)
Siricamanush II (1190-1165 BCE)
Lakur (1165-1164 BCE)
Urdigalatur (1164-1133 BCE)
Ipnunassa (1133-1121 BCE)
Urugalatush (1121-1109 BCE)
Tirusuma-Ocani (1109-1091 BCE)
Tuttaminacasur (1091-1077 BCE)
Urdigalatush II (1077-1043 BCE)
Urdigalatush III (1043-1018 BCE)
Camcamer I (1018-980 BCE)
Tahardur (980-955 BCE)
Nephertana (955-937 BCE)
Karkamma (937-905 BCE)
Hihankasu (905-871 BCE)
Onnanassa (871-862 BCE)
Camcamer II (862-858 BCE)


During the year 858 BCE, in what remained of the Lacandrine Empire (due to internal disputes and tyrannies of the last tors), the powerful Assyrians came. It is said that the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III reached Lakandahar and conquered it brutally, destroying it; Moreover, with this conquest he dismantled the whole empire. All surviving citizens fled to the island of Cyprus, formerly part of the empire, and there they founded the kingdom of Phaelater.

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Tenth Kingdom of Lakandahar
Lakandahar-torir

614 BCE - 533 BCE

Old kingdom of Lakandahar in 533 BCE

TENTH KINGDOM
Neveu (614-595 BCE)
Hamna-Zig (595-570 BCE)
Ikenmarudah (570-552 BCE)
Kisannunassa (552-533 BCE)

The old kingdom of Lakandahar, born after the rebellion of the Lacandrine Neveu against the Assyrians, was conquered in 533 BCE by the Achaemenid Empire, after a long war (537-533 BCE). Tor Kisannunassa absolutely wanted to form a new Lacandrine Empire together with Phaelater, but they repeadetly refused, because they didn't want to get closer to the Achaemenid Empire: their only interest was to create a colonial empire in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Hellenistic kingdom of Lacandria
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΛΑΚΑΝΔΡΙΑΣ (Basilèia tès Lakandrìas)

331 BCE - 17 BCE

Hellenistic kingdom of Lacandria in 17 BCE

Athenogenes I Lacandrinos / Teienesh I (331-329 BCE) Αθηνογένης Λακανδρίνος (Gr: Lacandrine)
Sainuzdus (329-327 BCE), Σαινούζδος
Athenogenes II Oikodomos / Teienesh II (327-298 BCE), Αθηνογένης Οἰκοδόμος (Gr: Builder)
Athenogenes III Apokatastesas / Teienesh III (298-265 BCE), Αθηνογένης Ἀποκαταστήσας (Gr: Restorer)
Callistus I Polemikos / Kaiustei I (265-243 BCE), Κάλλιστος Πολεμικός (Gr: Warlike)
Nicephorus I Oikister / Nicaphur I (243-233 BCE), Νικέφορος Οἰκιστηρ (Gr: Founder)
Nicephorus II Emporos / Nicaphur II (233-200 BCE), Νικέφορος Ἔμπορος (Gr: Vendor)
Callistus II Euergetes / Kaiustei II (200-146 BCE), Κάλλιστος Εὐεργέτης (Gr: Benefactor)
Theodorus Poietes / Teidur (146-136 BCE), Θεόδωρος Ποιητής (Gr: Poet)
Heliodorus I Philopator / Halusham I (136-120 BCE), Ηλιόδωρος Φιλοπάτωρ (Gr: Father's lover)
Heliodorus II Phenie / Halusham II (120-90 BCE), Ηλιόδωρος Φενίη (Lac: Wisdom's lover)
Heliodorus III Pheniken (90-20 BCE), Ηλιόδωρος Φενίκην (Lac: Wisdom's protector)
Lucius Papirius Probus, known as Probus (20-17 BCE)

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Roman kingdom of Lakandahar
Lakandaharis regnum


Roman kingdom of Lakandahar in 313 AD


The three Regiones (Regions) with their Eutadimiriae (capital). The governor of each Regio is called Eutadimir, who simply is the Great Tadimir of the Regio and its capital. Every month there is an assembly in each Eutadimiria (Cyrenia, Antigonea and Edessa), where the 21 Great Tadimirs expose their proposals to the Eutadimir.


The division of the Roman kingdom of Lakandahar in Tadimiries (each of them ruled by a Great Tadimir, except Lakandahar territory, which is controlled by the Minadigius Maximus and Minadigia Maxima) in 313 AD

PACABIAN DYNASTY (11-100)
Maximilianus Pacabius Helvetius, known as Helvetius (11-17)
Fulvius Pacabius, known as Fulvius (17-32)
Apollonius Pacabius, known as Apollonius (32-46)
Gaius Pacabius Epidius, known as Epidius (46-65)
Flavius Pacabius Gratus, known as Gratus (65-71)
Publius Pacabius Gratianus, known as Gratianus (71-78)
Gaius Pacabius Ulpius, known as Ulpius (78-80)
Valerius Pacabius Retor, known as Retor (80-91)
Valerianus Pacabius and Retorianus Pacabius, known as Valerianus and Retorianus (91-95)-(91-100)

IUSTINIAN DYNASTY (100-291)
Aquilius Iustinus Martius Felix, known as Aquilius (100-129)
Naenius Iustinus Lacandrinus, known as Naenius (129-178)
Naenius Iustinus Martius Fortius, known as Fortius (178-180)
Licinius Marius Iustinus, known as Licinius Marius (180-207)
Hennius Valerianus Iustinus, known as Valerianus (207-237)
Flavius Iustinus Martius, known as Martius (237-259)
Aetius Iustinus Martius, known as Aetius (259)

Interlude government of the "Traditionalists" (259-280)
Titus Aurius (259-270)
Gnaeus Aurius (259-280)

Last Iustini tors
Chrysius Iustinus Fabritius Constantius / Kasuru, known as Chrysius (280-291)
Titus Marrus Iustinus Sebastus / Suhubak, known as Sebastus (291)

TUTTILIAN DYNASTY (291-313)
Caecilius Tuttilius Audax / Keshiryu, known as Caecilius (291-297)
Faustus Flavius Tuttilius / Phestei, known as Faustus (297-301)
Gaius Procopius Tuttilius / Gaius, known as Procopius (301-313)

Suddenly, a Roman legion arrived in Antigonea and took control of the city (Battle of Antigonea). The legion was commanded by Sebastu, the traitor and Chrysius' son, who had the order to subject the western part of the Lacandrine kingdom to the Roman Empire (from 291 he succeeded in climbing the ranks and becoming a Roman general). Procopius wanted explanations: why was all of this happening? He had answers very soon: Sebastus reached, with his victorious legion, Lakandahar to speak with the Lacandrine tor, forcing him to make all western tadimiriae independent; this happened because the Romans were not enjoying the behavior of the Lacandrines, who were acting totally independently (since Chrysius Iustinus came to power) and did not consult the Romans for important decisions, such as commercial affairs with foreigners or the establishment of new tors. Procopius could do nothing but to accept, or he would have suffered more serious consequences. Thus, in 313, a new kingdom was born, the "Kingdom of Antigonea", which included all 21 tadimiriae located to the west of Lakandahar and had Antigonea as their capital. This kingdom was, however, completely subject to Roman rule, it was nothing more than a puppet state, even though it was ruled by a "rex".
Unfortunately, it was not over: the Sasanians decided to take advantage of the disagreements between the Romans and the Lacandrines, and took possession of the great tadimiria of Hatra. The Lacandrines no longer possessed a large army, due to the division, and could not face the powerful Sasanians, even with the help of the allied Tanukhids. Furthermore, the soldiers were completely unprepared. The Sasanians also attacked Nisbis, in which battle tor Procopius was killed, and they reached Lakandahar: there, the Sasanians proclaimed themselves a tor, making the kingdom of Lakandahar a puppet state de facto controlled by the Sasanians. The proclaimed tor, in fact, was not of Lacandrine origin, but he was a trusted men of the Sasanian dynasty. So, the first persian tor was "Parsa", but we have only a few informations about him.
The Persian domain, however, will not last long: only 15 years, with a succession of only two other Persian tors after Parsa, Dariush and Meherzad. It lasted a decade and a half, but the Persian domination was tragic: all the "pagan" temples are closed, both Roman and Lacandrine, and every Christian ecclesia was closed (a cult that continued to be practiced, but in secret). The freedom of expression and speech that characterized the Lacandrine kingdom disappeared: the tor was the only ruler, he was a real authoritarian and despot king. A glimmer of hope arose when tor Meherzad was assassinated by a Lacandrine soldier during a public speech, also helped by the citizens. The soldier, a certain Quintus Modius, took the throne, inaugurating the Modia dynasty, in 327. His reign was characterized mainly by the restoration of the Lacandrine institutions, such as the recovery of the Minadiga and the reopening of entertainment venues including the theaters, the minairs, the amphitheater and the naumachia. Quintus Modius died in 338 and was succeeded by his son, Proteus Modius. At the beginning of his rule, Proteus immediately built a monumental tomb dedicated to his father, deified and honored as "liberator patriae".

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PERSIAN KINGDOM OF LAKANDAHAR (313-327)
Parsa (313-318)
Dariush (318-324)
Meherzad (324-327)

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Kingdom of Lakandahar
Lakandaharis regnum

327 AD - 340 AD
Kingdom of Lakandahar in 340 AD


Lacandrine Regiones and Eutadimiriae in 340 AD


Lacandrine Tadimiriae in 340 AD

MODIAN DYNASTY (327-340)
Quintus Modius / Qattana, known as Quintus (327-338)
Proteus Modius / Dureuos, known as Proteus (338-340)
Aquilina Modia / Aikina, known as Aquilina (340)

Proteus' kingdom, however, would not last long: in 340 the Roman emperor of the Eastern Empire Constantius II attacked the few possessions of the Lacandrine and won with little difficulty: in fact, the army was too small to successfully defend the kingdom from the Roman power (the kingdom could do this in past years, when the kingdom was united: in fact, the Romans feared them). In reality, Constantius II wanted to carry out a diplomatic annexation of the kingdom, with the guarantee that with this annexation the Romans would have guaranteed an effective defense of the Lacandrine cities, especially by the Sasanians. Proteus refused, because he was not willing to cede his territories to "treacherous and arrogant strangers", and therefore the emperor attacked and conquered the whole kingdom. Aquilina, Proteus' wife, became tor for a little time. Thus, the millenary history of the kingdom ended ... Or maybe not? Actually, there was still an heir to the Lacandrines: the kingdom of Antigonea, still existing, even if governed by some "reges" puppets. Some citizens, however, were not happy, they wanted to change things. Before they were some, then they became many, and finally everyone (including some Roman helpers, without whom it would have been difficult to do what they did). We are talking about the Eblaite Empire, which is another story.

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OTHER INFO (BUILDINGS, PEOPLE, ETC)
MINADIGA


The Minadiga building is the place in which the Minadiga takes place. The Minadiga was originally established by tor Lakandahak I around 3647 BCE in order to give a political role to the nobles (both men and women) in society; the Minadiga, at the time, took place in a circular place near the Zigguras. The males were called Minadigaaoh and Minadigaina the women, in ancient Greek Μιναδίγαος and Μιναδίγεα, in Latin Minadigius and Minadigia. The original Minadiga fell into disuse during the Eighth Dynasty (1235 BCE - 858 BCE) due to the centralization of all power in the hands of the tyrants. The Minadiga was re-established in 330 BCE by Athenogenes I until Lucius's destruction of the kingdom, due to his great power and magniloquence. After 30 years, it was reopened by the head of the Pacabia dynasty, tor Helvetius (11-17 AD), the same year that the kingdom of Lacandria returned to be independent. The Minadiga has lost its function in 340, when the kingdom officially became part of the Roman Empire. The structure would be used again later by the Eblaites but, despite being always called Minadiga, would perform different functions and would get less power.
The Minadiga is divided into two phases: Minadiga and Hailat (in Latin Minadiga Hailatus), which in lacandrine mean respectively "Meeting" and "Full Meeting". The first phase, the Minadiga, is also sub-divided into two distinct and contemporary phases: Minadigi's Minadiga and Minadigiae's Minadigia (men and women), in which they separately discussed about the city and particularly about a law that has to be proposed to the tor; both meetings are chaired by a Minadigius Maximus or Minadigia Maxima. At the end of the Minadiga, they all gather together in the Hailat (located in a close building connected to the Minadiga building by a corridor and a staircase) where the decisions taken at the first phase, the Minadiga, are discussed, and then proposed to the tor by the Minadigius Maximus. Minadiga also has the role of electing a tor when there are no heirs; this happened after the death of Retorianus, who did not leave heirs, and Aquilius Felix was elected as a member of a new dynasty: the Iustina one. During history, some names of famous Minadigi or Minadigi Maximi have come to us: two of them were Susanus (264 - 199 BCE) and Flavius Duronius Deianus (133 - 214 AD), but they were known for their literary works. Tor Phaenicaesh is also known for being Minadigius Maximus in young age. We have other names: Marcus Laelius, the first Minadigius Maximus during the roman kingdom of Lakandahar; Marcus Severus, a friend of tor Aquilius Felix; Asiodus, the successor of Marcus Laelius; the Minadigius Lucius Accius Belluo and the Minadigia Susana Alfia, the last ones.

MAIN THEATER


The theater was built by Athenogenes II in 324 BCE, since the city did not have a settled theater. It was originally without the Scene, so the acting took place in the Proskenion, which later became the orchestra during the Roman kingdom; the stage was in wood and decorated with marble and sandstone. The theater was one of the most popular entertainments among the Lacandrine citizens, from those of the Hellenistic kingdom to the Romans, and it will remain like that for a long time even after the end of the kingdom, so much so that the Eblaite king will be forced to build another theatre; also, the Lacandrine tors even built a private theater next to the Ziggurat. At the top of the theater there was the temple of Valerianus and Retorianus. The theater withstanded the passage of time, because the theatrical performances were a great passion for the inhabitants of Lakandahar and partly they are still today.

VALERIANUS AND RETORIANUS
Valerianus and Retorianus were two twins and tors of the Pacabia dynasty that ruled together. Great theater fans, they have played in local theater since they were kids and often in other cities. Later, however, his father and tor Valerianus Retor realized that acting was not very productive and then he sent them to study in Rome to learn politics. The twins, even though they didn't want to, were forced to study and after the death of their father (91) they became tors together. Valerianus died before Retorianus, who built in his honor a temple on top of the theater; According to a script of the year 100, a little bit before the death of Retorianus, the architect who designed the temple (a certain Clemeon) also added a statue in honor of Retorianus. The historian Deianus (133 - 214 CE) will write: "The reason why Retorian built the temple dedicated to his brother was not merely an honor, but according to him he deserved something bigger: in fact, he built the temple exactly on top of the theater so he could watch his favorite passion forever ". There is nothing left of the temple, except Valerianus' statue that is today exhibited in the Lacandria museum, but the temple was rebuilt today, inspired by various 14th-century paintings which depicted it.

IUSTINIAN MAUSOLEUM


Built by tor Naenius Lacandrinus in 129, it was originally dedicated only to his father Aquilius Felix, but after Naenius' death tor Fortius decided to bury every tor of the Iustina dynasty. This mausoleum is located in the Forum Iustinorum, built by tor Aquilius Felix in 106. In addition, tor Hennius decided to put also the ashes of his wife, Cornelia, and so did tor Chrysius (for his wife Zenobia and her sister Elena). Today, there are a few remains of the mausoleum, since, during the brief period in which the city had been governed by the Arabs, it was demolished to obtain building materials.

COLUMN OF LAWS


Built by Lakandaham III around 4th millennium BCE, it is a column on which laws are engraved, the first ever written in men's history; Lakandaham III, in fact, decided to use the writing (invented by tor Lakandahar) not only for the warehouses but also to give more order to the city and thus he made the laws written so far spoken and only known by the tor and the Minadigi. The column was built along with a new neighborhood next to the Zigguras, where was also built a place dedicated to the first market (before that the merchants placed their stall anywhere). Before his death, he also decided to build a building where he could live until the end of his life, which will later be used by other tors as a real estate until the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE. Subsequently, to the laws written on the column, exhibited outdoors in such a way as to make them visible to every citizen (for whom a kind of free school for citizens had already been established by tor Lakandahar), will be the Babylonian king Hammurabi after a visit to Lakanadahar. The column will later be modified to be used as a viewing tower (around the 1st century BCE). The tower has collapsed recently because of Syrian rebels, but the original laws were placed in the Lacandria museum.

TEMPLE OF JUPITER MACATHENIS (Before: temple of Alexander the Great)


The temple, built in 323 BCE by Athenogenes II and dedicated to Alexander the Great, is a classic peripteros temple, and originally contained Alexander's tomb. Tor Pheniken (90-20 BCE) renamed it "Temple of Jupiter Maximus" and the tomb of Alexander the Great was transported into a small mausoleum built next to the temple.

TOMB OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT


As mentioned earlier, this mausoleum was built by tor Pheniken to place the tomb of Alexander the Great. The mausoleum, like the Temple of Jupiter Maximus, was completely abandoned during the Eblaith reign (at that time, no one knew that there was the tomb of Alexander the Great). The mausoleum has recently been rediscovered; infact, before 3 January 2017, its existence was unknown (the temple was destroyed during time) and finally the debate with which historians were wondering where Alexander the Great was buried was finally resolved.

ROYAL ZIGGURAS


The Zigguras, originally a temple devoted to the Ashnan deity and also used as a warehouse, was the royal house of Lakandahar tors from the reign of Athenogenes I to Quintus Modius. At the beginning of tor Lakandahar's empire, it was also used as a royal house, but tor Lakandaham III built a special building outside the walls, which was used as a royal residence until the 2nd millennium BCE.
After the end of the empire caused by the conquest of the city by the Assyrians, around 858 BC, the building built by Lakandaham III was abandoned and with the formation of the Hellenistic kingdom the Zigguras returned to be used as a royal residence. Inside, tor Athenogenes I decided to keep safe the ancient works of Lacandrine scriptors, but many went to destruction during the short reign of the usurper Sainuzdus. During the Roman rule of Lakandahar, the ground floor was used as a Horreum and four towers were built on it. Today it is well preserved, though the main staircase and the room at the top have been destroyed, and it is home to the famous International Museum of Lacandria.

ROMAN SETTLEMENT


The trading base was built in year 11, when emperor Augustus allowed Lakandahar to regain independence. It contained all the goods imported from Rome, and it was under the control of a Roman legate and about twenty citizens from Roman Italy. In 340, the destruction of the city carried away the legate and the citizens and the place was abandoned.

NAUMACHIA


In 280, when Chrysius came to power, he decided to build a huge building used for the naumachia, very loved by the citizens (they had previously been done in the lake of Lakandahar), and the construction lasted six years, as there were difficulties in water transport from the channel to the naumachia.

CHURCH OF IOVIUS (Before: temple of Lucius)


The construction of this temple was commissioned by tor Lucius in 20 BCE, and its construction was extended for a short time until 16 BCE, when the yard was completely abandoned by the workers; Augustus blocked the construction, and he also decreeted the Damnatio Memoriae against tor Lucius, destroying every writing and every statue dedicated to him. However, none knows why his little mausoleum was not destroyed: according to the Lacandrine historian Ablahenior, the Roman emperor believed it was a simple column and he did not come near to see it better. The temple was supposed to be part of a new Forum surrounded by a colonnade and a river view, with, at the center, the mausoleum of tor Lucius. A new neighborhood was to be built around the Forum, mostly composed by classic roman insulae and domus, but the project was only started. After 18 BCE, the temple and the Forum went slowly in ruins, and only once happened that tor Helvetius had tried to continue building the temple, but too much funding was needed and the project was definitively canceled. From the rise of tor Fulvius, the underground of the temple was used as church by Christians in order not to be discovered, since there was a law forbidding Christians to pray in a public place. In 223, tor Hennius Valerianus built a new enclosure wall around the abandoned site, as some bandits could flew into the city through the bridge built by Lucius, which was to be brought to the new neighborhood. During the government of Aquilius Iustinus, he gave to the christians the possibility to occupy the entire district of Lucius and build a church in the temple ruins. Aquilius built houses for every christians that decided to move there, in order to pray in peace, and also the tor built a bell tower on the top of the temple. When Chrysius came to power, he decided to extend christian freedom: he built churches all around the city and gave them the possibility to pray freely everywhere.

NOTABLE LACANDRINE PEOPLE
POETS AND LACANDRINE WRITERS
Phaenicaesh (4th millennium BCE) - historian and philosopher (uncertain). Works: Lakandahar-Diga, Minanuya-Diga, Thoughts, The deeds of Phaenicaesh (attributed), biographies on the stems. Hometown: Lakandahar.
Aodiga (III millennium BCE) - Lacandrine philosopher. Works: Thoughts on wisdom, Thoughts on the human mind, Analysis of the human being and his moral principles. Hometown: Halab (Beroea).
Pharqurat (3rd millennium BCE) - poet. Works: unknown. Hometown: Lakandahar.
Zeno of Citium (336-263 BCE) - philosopher. Works: The Republic. Hometown: Citium.
Apollophanes (281-249 BCE) - philosopher. Works: Ariston. Hometown: Pieria.
Susanus (264-199 BCE) - historian, grammarian and poet. Works: various elegies, History of Lacandria, The deeds of Phaenicaesh (translation), Biography of Phaenicaesh, Lacandrine Grammar, Aodiga, Autobiography, various epistles. Hometown: Susa (Seleucid Empire).
Antipater (170-100 BCE) - poet. Works: epigrams. Hometown: Sidon.
Zeno of Sidon (150 -76 BCE) - Epicurean philosopher. Works: De signis, On geometry. Hometown: Sidon.
Boetus (75-10 BCE) - philosopher. Works: On the nature of the soul, Commentary on Aristotle's Categories. Hometown: Sidon.
Posidonius (135-50 BCE) - philosopher, geographer and historian. Hometown: Apamea.
Aulus Licinius Archias (118-62 BCE) - poet. Works: De bello Cimbrico, De bello Mithridatico, various lyrics (including one dedicated to Eliodorus III). Hometown: Antigonea.
Flavius Duronius Eblenior (19-90) - historian, grammarian and poet. Works: Historia Lacandrina, Callinicum, Fatum Samirii, Meus Animus, Consuetudines Lacandrinae, De proelio Palmyreno, De lingua. Hometown: Lakandahar.
Numenius (2nd century) - philosopher. Works: Of the dissent of academics from Plato, Of Plato's secret doctrines, Of the incorruptibility of the soul, Of place, Of good, of numbers. Hometown: Apamea.
Lucianus (120-192) - writer and rhetorician. Works: How history should be written, A True Story, various dialogues. Hometown: Samosata.
Flavius Duronius Deianus (133-214) - historian. Works: Historia Lakandaharis Regum, Flavius ​​Duronius Ablahenior, Cornelii Iter. Hometown: Lakandahar.
Aulus Callistus Desertus Ioannes Lucas (210-276) - historian and playwright. Works: Iustini, Lakandahar, Equus, Macathen, Minanuiorum Mythus, Mos Lacandrinorum, Assyrium Oppidum, Macathenis. Hometown: Damascus.
Cassius Longinus (213-273) - rhetorician and philosopher. Works: Homeric Questions, If Homer is a Philosopher, Homeric Problems and Solutions, Philological Discourses, On the End, Prolegomena to the Handbook of Hephaestion. Hometown: Emesa.
Eliodorus (210-271) - writer. Works: Aethiopica. Hometown: Emesa.
Menander (3rd century) - rhetorician. Works: Epidictic styles, On Epidictic discourses. Hometown: Laodicea.


OTHER KNOWN LACANDRINE PEOPLE
Phanitana (114-45 BC) - oracle of Urchesia.
Er-Qurataoh (75 BC - 3) - oracle of Urchesia and explorer.
Doroteus (75-132) - Sidon astrologer.
Vettius Valens (120-175) - astrologer of Antigonea.
Archigenes (1st-2nd century) - doctor of Apamea.
Saint Helen (2nd century) - saint and first bishop of Callistes.
Iulia Domna (170-217) - Roman empress and wife of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus, from Emesa.
Sextus Varius Marcellus (171-229) - Roman politician born in Apamea.
Claudius Firmus (235-273) - businessman from Antigonea who rebelled against the Roman emperor Aurelianus as soon as he defeated Zenobia.

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