Published Dec 3rd, 2023, 12/3/23 2:26 pm
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Hermann Wilhelm Goering - political and military leader, comrade-in-arms of Adolf Hitler, one of the most influential figures in the German Nationalist Party, who was at the origins of the Gestapo, one of the richest people in Nazi Germany. Veteran of the First World War, pilot, commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, received the rank of Reichsmarschall, which gave seniority over all employees of the German Armed Forces.
Hermann Wilhelm Goering was born on January 12, 1893 in Rosenheim. His father, Heinrich Ernst Goering, a former cavalry officer, is the first Governor-General of the German Protectorate of South West Africa. Hermann was the fourth of five children from Heinrich's second wife, the Bavarian peasant woman Franziska Tiefenbrunn. Before the birth of the baby, Goering Sr. was Consul General in Haiti. The mother returned to Bavaria briefly to give birth. She left the baby with a friend and did not see her son for 3 years.
In Germany, the family lived in the house of Hermann von Epenstein, a Jew of German origin, the godfather of Goering Jr., Franziska's lover. Since childhood, Herman was interested in a military career; he played with soldiers and dressed up in his father’s old uniform. At the age of 11, the boy was sent to a boarding school with strict discipline; he ran away from there and pretended to be sick until his parents allowed him not to return to school.
At the age of 16, Goering was sent to the Lichterfelde Military Academy in Berlin, from which he graduated with honors. Having received his education in 1912, the young man, who reached a height of 178 cm, joined the Prussian infantry regiment of Crown Prince Wilhelm.
At the beginning of the First World War, Goering applied for a transfer to the air force of the German Empire. He was assigned to FFA Team 25 in the Crown Prince's 5th Army. For reconnaissance and punitive operations, the young pilot was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st degree.
Goering went from observer to flight squadron commander. He proved himself to be a real fighter ace, having shot down, according to various sources, from 17 to 22 enemy aircraft. Herman ended the First World War with the rank of captain. After the war, Goering remained in aviation, performing private flights for Danish and Swedish companies. In 1922, he became a student at the University of Munich at the Faculty of Political Science.
In 1922, a turning point came in Goering’s biography; he joined the Nazi Party. A year later, Hitler appointed a young comrade-in-arms as the founder and commander of the assault troops (SA). A year later, the former pilot took part in an unsuccessful coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch. Goering, together with the ideological leader of the Nazis, led a column going to the War Ministry and was wounded in the leg. Many participants in that march were arrested, the rest were put on the wanted list.
The SA commander returned to Germany after the amnesty order in 1927 and resumed work in the aviation industry. At this time, the NSDAP was in a period of restructuring and waiting. In the elections of May 1928, the Nazis accounted for 12 of the 491 seats in the Reichstag, and Goering became the representative of Bavaria.
The Great Depression led to a catastrophic decline in the German economy, and a vote in July 1932 gave the Nazis a majority (230) seats in the lower house of parliament. Hermann Goering was elected president. On February 27, 1933, the Reichstag fire occurred. Communist Marinus van der Lubbe claimed responsibility for the fire. Goering immediately called for reprisals against members of his party, followed by arrests and orders to shoot those detained.
In 1933, when Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, Goering became Prussian Interior Minister and Reich Air Commissioner. He created the Prussian Gestapo police and an elite armored division called "Hermann Goering". In the summer of 1934, the President of the Reichstag sentenced to death 85 SA members who participated in the attempted coup. The illegal killings occurred during the "Night of the Long Knives," which lasted from June 30 to July 2.
Since 1933, despite the Treaty of Versailles, the formation of the German air force began. In 1935, the existence of the Luftwaffe was officially recognized, Goering became the Minister of Aviation of the Reich. At a Cabinet meeting in September 1936, Goering and Hitler decided to accelerate the German rearmament program. On October 18, Adolf Hitler appointed Goering as the plenipotentiary representative of the 4-year plan to accomplish this task, for the implementation of which the financial and industrial corporation “Reichswerke Hermann Goering” was created.
Although Joachim von Ribbentrop held the post of German Foreign Minister in the late 1930s, Goering negotiated with other states. He contacted the British government to discuss Nazi intentions regarding Czechoslovakia. Thanks to the preparatory work done by Goering,
On September 29, 1938, the Munich Agreement was signed, according to which Germany gained control of the Sudetenland, and in March 1939, the government of Czechoslovakia recognized the German occupation of the rest of its territory. On September 1, 1939, the Germans invaded Poland and World War II began. On the same day, Hitler appointed Goering as his successor as Führer of all Germany.
With the help of the Luftwaffe, the Nazis achieved many victories early in the war. After the fall of France, Hitler awarded Göring the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross and promoted him to the rank of Reichsmarschall, making him the senior field marshal in the army and Germany's highest-ranking soldier until the end of the war.
Goering hoped that a successful air operation would be enough to conquer the world, but he was wrong. The Luftwaffe's operation in Great Britain failed, and the initial advantage over Soviet aviation disappeared. By 1943, the reputation of the Reichsmarschall of Germany had been shaken. The Luftwaffe suffered from losses of combat units and crews. Hitler began to exclude his successor from participating in conferences, but he continued to hold high positions.
Having lost the Fuhrer's trust, Goering began to spend more time in his luxurious residences, devoting himself to collecting art, most of which belonged to looted museums in different countries and Jewish victims of the Holocaust. After the discovery of a cache with treasures of the Luftwaffe commander, it turned out that many of the paintings were fakes, in particular, the portraits of Vermeer belonged to the brush of the Dutch artist Han van Meegeren.
Another passion of the Reich Minister of Aviation was orchids, which he bred in his greenhouses.
As the Soviet army approached Berlin, Hitler's attempts to organize the defense of the city became increasingly meaningless and futile. After his birthday, April 20, 1945, many Nazis, including Goering, went on vacation and left the dangerous city.
On April 22, 1945, the Fuhrer officially admitted that he had lost the war and announced his intention to remain in Berlin and commit suicide. As successor to the Chancellor of Germany, Goering found himself in an ambivalent position. On the one hand, he was afraid of being sentenced for treason while trying to seize power; on the other hand, the consequence of inaction could be accusations of dereliction of duty.
After rereading the decree on the succession of powers and conferring with Karl Koller and Hans Lammers, the Reichsmarshal decided that by remaining in Berlin, Hitler had deprived himself of power, and Goering was obliged to take it into his own hands. The Luftwaffe commander sent a telegram to the Fuhrer asking permission to take command of Germany as Deputy Chancellor.
The message was intercepted by Martin Bormann, who convinced Hitler of Goering's betrayal. In response, the Fuhrer informed the Reichsmarshal that if he did not immediately leave all posts, he would be executed for high treason. Soon after this, Goering was removed from all his positions and placed under house arrest.
Bormann announced on the radio that the Reich Minister had left the service for health reasons. In his will, Hitler announced the expulsion of Goering from the party and the cancellation of the decree appointing him as his successor. The Reichsmarshal was released from prison 4 days before the capture of the German capital by Soviet troops. On May 6, 1945, Goering surrendered to the Americans.
Goering was the second highest-ranking Nazi official tried at Nuremberg. He was accused of conspiracy, waging aggressive war, war crimes, including robbery and export to Germany of works of art and other property, and crimes against humanity: ill-treatment of prisoners of war, murder of civilians.
Without the right to make a lengthy statement, Goering said that he was “not guilty within the meaning of the indictment.” During the trial, the prosecution repeatedly showed documentaries about concentration camps and other atrocities.
As a result of the Nuremberg trials, Goering was found guilty of all crimes and sentenced to death on the gallows. The former Reichsmarshal filed an appeal asking that he be shot as a soldier rather than hanged as a common criminal, but the court refused.
Goering was kept in solitary confinement. The night before his execution, October 15, 1946, he committed suicide. The cause of death was cyanide.
There are still many versions of how Hitler's successor received the poison. A posthumous photo of Goering in prison has been preserved.
Goering's body was cremated along with the corpses of hanged criminals in Munich, and the ashes were secretly scattered along the banks of the Isar River.
"The winners will always be the judges, and the losers will always be the accused."
Hermann Wilhelm Goering was born on January 12, 1893 in Rosenheim. His father, Heinrich Ernst Goering, a former cavalry officer, is the first Governor-General of the German Protectorate of South West Africa. Hermann was the fourth of five children from Heinrich's second wife, the Bavarian peasant woman Franziska Tiefenbrunn. Before the birth of the baby, Goering Sr. was Consul General in Haiti. The mother returned to Bavaria briefly to give birth. She left the baby with a friend and did not see her son for 3 years.
In Germany, the family lived in the house of Hermann von Epenstein, a Jew of German origin, the godfather of Goering Jr., Franziska's lover. Since childhood, Herman was interested in a military career; he played with soldiers and dressed up in his father’s old uniform. At the age of 11, the boy was sent to a boarding school with strict discipline; he ran away from there and pretended to be sick until his parents allowed him not to return to school.
At the age of 16, Goering was sent to the Lichterfelde Military Academy in Berlin, from which he graduated with honors. Having received his education in 1912, the young man, who reached a height of 178 cm, joined the Prussian infantry regiment of Crown Prince Wilhelm.
At the beginning of the First World War, Goering applied for a transfer to the air force of the German Empire. He was assigned to FFA Team 25 in the Crown Prince's 5th Army. For reconnaissance and punitive operations, the young pilot was awarded the Iron Cross, 1st degree.
Goering went from observer to flight squadron commander. He proved himself to be a real fighter ace, having shot down, according to various sources, from 17 to 22 enemy aircraft. Herman ended the First World War with the rank of captain. After the war, Goering remained in aviation, performing private flights for Danish and Swedish companies. In 1922, he became a student at the University of Munich at the Faculty of Political Science.
In 1922, a turning point came in Goering’s biography; he joined the Nazi Party. A year later, Hitler appointed a young comrade-in-arms as the founder and commander of the assault troops (SA). A year later, the former pilot took part in an unsuccessful coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch. Goering, together with the ideological leader of the Nazis, led a column going to the War Ministry and was wounded in the leg. Many participants in that march were arrested, the rest were put on the wanted list.
The SA commander returned to Germany after the amnesty order in 1927 and resumed work in the aviation industry. At this time, the NSDAP was in a period of restructuring and waiting. In the elections of May 1928, the Nazis accounted for 12 of the 491 seats in the Reichstag, and Goering became the representative of Bavaria.
The Great Depression led to a catastrophic decline in the German economy, and a vote in July 1932 gave the Nazis a majority (230) seats in the lower house of parliament. Hermann Goering was elected president. On February 27, 1933, the Reichstag fire occurred. Communist Marinus van der Lubbe claimed responsibility for the fire. Goering immediately called for reprisals against members of his party, followed by arrests and orders to shoot those detained.
In 1933, when Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, Goering became Prussian Interior Minister and Reich Air Commissioner. He created the Prussian Gestapo police and an elite armored division called "Hermann Goering". In the summer of 1934, the President of the Reichstag sentenced to death 85 SA members who participated in the attempted coup. The illegal killings occurred during the "Night of the Long Knives," which lasted from June 30 to July 2.
Since 1933, despite the Treaty of Versailles, the formation of the German air force began. In 1935, the existence of the Luftwaffe was officially recognized, Goering became the Minister of Aviation of the Reich. At a Cabinet meeting in September 1936, Goering and Hitler decided to accelerate the German rearmament program. On October 18, Adolf Hitler appointed Goering as the plenipotentiary representative of the 4-year plan to accomplish this task, for the implementation of which the financial and industrial corporation “Reichswerke Hermann Goering” was created.
Although Joachim von Ribbentrop held the post of German Foreign Minister in the late 1930s, Goering negotiated with other states. He contacted the British government to discuss Nazi intentions regarding Czechoslovakia. Thanks to the preparatory work done by Goering,
On September 29, 1938, the Munich Agreement was signed, according to which Germany gained control of the Sudetenland, and in March 1939, the government of Czechoslovakia recognized the German occupation of the rest of its territory. On September 1, 1939, the Germans invaded Poland and World War II began. On the same day, Hitler appointed Goering as his successor as Führer of all Germany.
With the help of the Luftwaffe, the Nazis achieved many victories early in the war. After the fall of France, Hitler awarded Göring the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross and promoted him to the rank of Reichsmarschall, making him the senior field marshal in the army and Germany's highest-ranking soldier until the end of the war.
Goering hoped that a successful air operation would be enough to conquer the world, but he was wrong. The Luftwaffe's operation in Great Britain failed, and the initial advantage over Soviet aviation disappeared. By 1943, the reputation of the Reichsmarschall of Germany had been shaken. The Luftwaffe suffered from losses of combat units and crews. Hitler began to exclude his successor from participating in conferences, but he continued to hold high positions.
Having lost the Fuhrer's trust, Goering began to spend more time in his luxurious residences, devoting himself to collecting art, most of which belonged to looted museums in different countries and Jewish victims of the Holocaust. After the discovery of a cache with treasures of the Luftwaffe commander, it turned out that many of the paintings were fakes, in particular, the portraits of Vermeer belonged to the brush of the Dutch artist Han van Meegeren.
Another passion of the Reich Minister of Aviation was orchids, which he bred in his greenhouses.
As the Soviet army approached Berlin, Hitler's attempts to organize the defense of the city became increasingly meaningless and futile. After his birthday, April 20, 1945, many Nazis, including Goering, went on vacation and left the dangerous city.
On April 22, 1945, the Fuhrer officially admitted that he had lost the war and announced his intention to remain in Berlin and commit suicide. As successor to the Chancellor of Germany, Goering found himself in an ambivalent position. On the one hand, he was afraid of being sentenced for treason while trying to seize power; on the other hand, the consequence of inaction could be accusations of dereliction of duty.
After rereading the decree on the succession of powers and conferring with Karl Koller and Hans Lammers, the Reichsmarshal decided that by remaining in Berlin, Hitler had deprived himself of power, and Goering was obliged to take it into his own hands. The Luftwaffe commander sent a telegram to the Fuhrer asking permission to take command of Germany as Deputy Chancellor.
The message was intercepted by Martin Bormann, who convinced Hitler of Goering's betrayal. In response, the Fuhrer informed the Reichsmarshal that if he did not immediately leave all posts, he would be executed for high treason. Soon after this, Goering was removed from all his positions and placed under house arrest.
Bormann announced on the radio that the Reich Minister had left the service for health reasons. In his will, Hitler announced the expulsion of Goering from the party and the cancellation of the decree appointing him as his successor. The Reichsmarshal was released from prison 4 days before the capture of the German capital by Soviet troops. On May 6, 1945, Goering surrendered to the Americans.
Goering was the second highest-ranking Nazi official tried at Nuremberg. He was accused of conspiracy, waging aggressive war, war crimes, including robbery and export to Germany of works of art and other property, and crimes against humanity: ill-treatment of prisoners of war, murder of civilians.
Without the right to make a lengthy statement, Goering said that he was “not guilty within the meaning of the indictment.” During the trial, the prosecution repeatedly showed documentaries about concentration camps and other atrocities.
As a result of the Nuremberg trials, Goering was found guilty of all crimes and sentenced to death on the gallows. The former Reichsmarshal filed an appeal asking that he be shot as a soldier rather than hanged as a common criminal, but the court refused.
Goering was kept in solitary confinement. The night before his execution, October 15, 1946, he committed suicide. The cause of death was cyanide.
There are still many versions of how Hitler's successor received the poison. A posthumous photo of Goering in prison has been preserved.
Goering's body was cremated along with the corpses of hanged criminals in Munich, and the ashes were secretly scattered along the banks of the Isar River.
"The winners will always be the judges, and the losers will always be the accused."
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