Ferralis

Thanks Wannabe TommyInnit for the notif spam!

Joe Root

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to searchFor the hermit from Pennsylvania, United States, see Joe Root (Pennsylvania hermit).

Root in 2017
Personal information
Full name	Joseph Edward Root
Born	30 December 1990 (age 30) Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England
Height	6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
Batting	Right-handed
Bowling	Right-arm off break Right-arm leg break
Role	Batsman
Relations	Billy Root (brother)
International information
National side	England (2012–present)
Test debut (cap 655)	13 December 2012 v India
Last Test	13 February 2021 v India
ODI debut (cap 227)	11 January 2013 v India
Last ODI	16 September 2020 v Australia
ODI shirt no.	66
T20I debut (cap 63)	22 December 2012 v India
Last T20I	5 May 2019 v Pakistan
T20I shirt no.	66
Domestic team information
Years	Team
2009–present	Yorkshire (squad no. 66)
2018/19	Sydney Thunder(squad no. 66)
Career statistics
Competition Test ODI FC LA Matches 101 149 161 188 Runs scored 8,546 5,962 12,634 7,246 Batting average 49.97 50.10 49.35 47.98 100s/50s 20/49 16/33 30/66 17/42 Top score 254 133* 254 133* Balls bowled 2,911 1,552 4,844 2,139 Wickets 32 26 55 40 Bowling average 47.34 57.34 48.69 49.75 5 wickets in innings 0 0 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 0 0 Best bowling 4/87 3/52 4/5 3/52 Catches/stumpings 133/– 74/– 172/– 86/–
Source: ESPNcricinfo, 16 February 2021

Joseph Edward Root MBE (born 30 December 1990) is an English international cricketer who is the current captain of England in Test cricket. He also represents Yorkshire domestically. As of August 2020 he is ranked in the top ten in both Test and ODI batting in the ICC Player Rankings. Root was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup.^[1]

He was originally a right-handed opening batsman and occasional off-spinner, with a similar playing style to former England captain Michael Vaughan, though with a significantly better average. However, he has played the majority of his cricket for England in the middle order. He made his debut for England in the 2012 Test series in India and made his ODI and Twenty20 International debuts on the same tour, before scoring his maiden Test century at his home ground of Headingley the following spring against New Zealand.

On the occasion of England's 1,000th Test in August 2018, he was named in the country's greatest Test XI by the England and Wales Cricket Board.^[2] In February 2021, Root played in his 100th Test during England's tour of India, in which he became the ninth player to score a century in their 100th Test match^[3] and the first to score a double century in their 100th Test.^[4]

Contents

• 1Early life, youth career and family
• 2Yorkshire career
• 3England career
  • 3.1India: 2012–13
  • 3.22013
  • 3.32014
  • 3.42015
  • 3.52016
  • 3.6India: 2016–17
  • 3.7West Indies: 2017
  • 3.8Ashes series: 2017–18
  • 3.92018: Pakistan & India
  • 3.10Sri Lanka: 2018
  • 3.112019: Cricket World Cup
  • 3.12Ashes Series: 2019
  • 3.132019-20: New Zealand & South Africa
  • 3.142020 West Indies & Pakistan
  • 3.152021 Sri Lanka & India
• 4Captaincy
• 5International centuries
• 6Awards
• 7References
• 8External links

Early life, youth career and family[edit]

Root is the eldest son of Helen and Matt Root and grew up in Dore, Sheffield.^[5] He has a younger brother, Billy, who plays cricket for Glamorgan. He attended King Ecgbert School in Sheffield, and at 15, on a cricket sports scholarship, Worksop College as a weekly boarder.^[6]

Root followed in his father's footsteps by joining Sheffield Collegiate CC, in Abbeydale Park. Former Yorkshire batsman and England captain Michael Vaughanalso learnt his trade at Collegiate and was a source of inspiration for Root, who became a protégé of his. Root won the ‘player of the tournament’ in the prestigious Bunbury festival.^[6][7][8] Root supports football team Sheffield United.^[9]

Root became engaged to his girlfriend Carrie Cotterell in March 2016.^[10] Their son, Alfred William, was born on 7 January 2017 and they married on 1 December 2018.^[11][12] Their second child, daughter Isabella, was born in July 2020.

Yorkshire career[edit]

Joe Root on his Yorkshire debut in 2009
Root made his Yorkshire Second Team debut on 18 July 2007, against Derbyshire at Abbeydale Park. He scored 57, putting on 133 for the first wicket with Adam Lyth.^[13] He continued to represent the Academy side and was named Player of the Tournament as Yorkshire's Academy won the ProARCH trophy in Abu Dhabi.^[14]

After success at second team level, Root was given an opportunity in the first team in Yorkshire's final Pro40 match of the season at Headingley, against Essex. Root scored 63 and was top-scorer in Yorkshire's 187–7. Although his half-century could not inspire Yorkshire to victory, Root described his debut as a "dream come true".^[15]

After another Man of the Series performance, this time on England Under-19 duty in Bangladesh, Root signed a three-year professional contract with Yorkshire.^[16]

Root was selected for the Under-19 Cricket World Cup in New Zealand, making an unbeaten 70 in a victory against Hong Kong as England progressed to the quarter finals before being eliminated by the West Indies. Later that winter, he was sent to the Darren Lehmann Academyin Adelaide, South Australia, to fine tune his game.^[17]

In 2011, his Championship debut against Worcestershire at New Road in April was one of 15 matches he played that year on top of his England Lions debut against Sri Lanka A. At Scarborough in August, he scored his maiden Championship hundred against Sussex.

Root captained Yorkshire in the match that they won the 2014 County Championship title and then helped them retain it the following year.^[18]

England career[edit]

This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure.(January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

India: 2012–13[edit]

In the fourth Test against India, Root became the 655th player to represent England at Test cricket, receiving his cap from former England all-rounder Paul Collingwood. Coming in as the number 6 batsman rather than his usual position as an opener, he scored 73 from 229 balls, top-scoring jointly with Kevin Pietersen.^[19] In the second innings he made 20 not out to help England bat out the game to secure a historic series win on Indian soil. Root finished the Test series with 93 runs.

Following the Tests, he made his Twenty20 debut in the second of a two-match series, although he was not required to bat, and following Jonny Bairstow's withdrawal, he was also included in the ODI squad.^[20] On his ODI debut he was not required to bat, although he bowled nine overs, collecting figures of 0–51, as England won by 9 runs. He made scores of 36 and 39 in the next two matches, before making his maiden ODI fifty in the fourth match of the series, although England lost by 5 wickets. He made 31 in the final match of the series as England won by seven wickets. Root finished the ODI series with 163 runs.

2013[edit]

Following the successful tour of India, Root was retained in the Test squad for the 2013 Tour to New Zealand and was added to the previously announced ODI and Twenty20 squads. After being an unused batsman in the third Twenty20 game, he started the ODI series with two half-centuries, contributing 56 in the first game before top-scoring with 79 off 56 balls in the second. In doing so, he became the first batsman to start his ODI career with six consecutive scores of over 30.^[21] He followed this up by hitting 28* in the third ODI. He finished the ODI series with 163 runs.

In the first Test, Root batted at number 6. In the third Test he made 45 off 176 balls before being bowled by Tim Southee then made 29 in the second innings. The Test series ended 0–0 and Root finished the series with 88 runs.

Not long after the series in New Zealand, the Black Caps travelled to tour England. Root's first involvement of the tour was to captain the England Lions against New Zealand in a four-day warm up match, where he scored 179 runs. After scoring 40 and 71 runs in the first Test at Lord's, he scored his maiden Test century at his home ground of Headingley.^[22] He hit 104 runs off 167 balls and became the first Yorkshire player to score their first Test century at Headingley. He finished the series as England's top scorer with 243 runs and helped his side to a 2–0 Test series victory. In the ODI series that followed, he made scores of 30, 28 and 33 as England lost the series 2–1.^[23]

For the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy, England named Root in their squad of 15. He featured against Sri Lanka and hit 68 runs off 55 balls in England's 7 wicket loss.^[24] Root then helped England to a 10 run victory over New Zealand by making 38 runs off 40 balls which helped them secure a place in the semi-final.^[25] In the semi-final against South Africa Root scored 48 off 71 balls to help England to a 7 wicket win and secured a place in the final.^[26] He was also named as 12th man in the 'Team of the Tournament' by the ICC.^[27]

Joe Root in 2013
For the 2013 Ashes series, Root was named as the opening batsman to partner captain Alastair Cook after selectors decided to drop Nick Compton from the England squad. Root was promoted to opening batsman for the first Test and made scores of 30 and 5, and whilst bowling, took his 1st Test wicket when he got Ed Cowan out in the second innings.^[28] Root started the second Test with a score of 6 which once again meant that he failed to make a score as an opener. However, in the second innings Alastair Cook did not enforce the follow on and Root made 180 before England declared. In the Australian final innings Root was responsible for taking the wickets of Usman Khawaja and Michael Clarke when both batsmen were on 50 plus scores. Root was named Man of the Match for his performance with the bat and the ball.^[29] The third Test wasn't Root's best as he was out for 8 in the first innings; nonetheless, he managed to hit 13* off 57 balls in the second innings before rain brought the match to an end, meaning that England retained the Ashes.^[30] England won the fourth Test and won the series.^[31] In the fifth Test Root top scored in England's first innings as he hit 68 runs, however in England's second innings they were chasing a score the Australians had set but Joe only managed to get 11 runs.^[32] He finished the Test series with 339 runs and 3 wickets.

Root was selected to bat at number 4 for the first T20 International. The Australian side set England 249 to win thanks to an outstanding innings of 156 runs from Aaron Finch. Root came in with England 37/3 and he managed to score 90* off 49 balls but England lost by 39 runs.^[33] In the second T20I Joe batted at number 7 but only faced 1 ball scoring 1 run before England's innings finished.^[34] England won the match and drew the series, Root finished with 91 runs (both matches he was not out) and 1 wicket.

The third ODI was abandoned in England's 15th over, Root had made 12 runs before being caught.^[35] In the fourth ODI Root was bowled for 0, his first golden duck in his ODI career.^[36] The 5th ODI was better for Root as he scored a quick 21 before being bowled and also took the wicket of George Bailey.^[37] England lost the series 2–1 and Root finished the series with 36 runs and 1 wicket.

2014[edit]

Root was selected for the 2013-14 Ashes series. He was selected at number 6 for the first Test as Michael Carberry was given the opening batsman role alongside Alastair Cook. Root only managed 2 runs from 7 balls in the first innings before being caught off a Mitchell Johnson delivery. In the second innings he made a steady 26* off 86 balls before running out of partners in England's collapse where Australia took a 1–0 series lead.^[38] The second Test in Adelaide saw Root move up the order to third batsman, filling the spot of Jonathan Trott, who had returned home due to stress related illness.^[39] He scored only 15 runs, which was the third highest number of runs scored by an England batsman in the first innings, in a disappointing collapse by the English side.^[40]However Root's second innings showed some fight as he top scored with 87 and was unlucky not to push on to make a century.^[41]England lost this match and went 2–0 down with 3 Tests to play. Root was out controversially for 4 in the first innings of the third Test and made 19 in the second innings, England lost the match and as a result lost the Ashes.^[42] England lost the fourth Test by 8 wickets and went 4–0 down in the series.^[43] He was dropped for the fifth Test and fellow Yorkshire teammate Gary Ballance was selected. England lost the series 5–0 and Root finished the series with 192 runs.

Joe Root in training in Australia
Joe was selected to bat at number 3 for the first ODI, however he only made 3 runs before getting out from an LBW. He also took the wicket of David Warner as Australia cruised to a 6 wicket victory. England kept faith with the out of form Root and he played in the second ODI, however he only made 2 runs before Mitchell Johnson got him out via an LBW. He did contribute with ball by taking the wickets of Shaun Marsh and Michael Clarke. Root was dropped for the third and fourth ODI's due to poor form. He was recalled for the fifth ODI and batted at number 4, he made 55 runs off 86 balls. Joe finished the series on the losing side in a 4–1 defeat. He made 60 runs and took 3 wickets in the series.

Root was selected for the Twenty20 series and in the first T20 he made 32 runs off 24 balls before being caught by Aaron Finch. In the second T20 he made 18 runs in England's loss. Root finished the T20 series a 3–0 loser. He scored 61 runs and took 1 wicket.

Root was picked in the squad for the 2014 tour of West Indies. He was selected for the first ODI, he took the wicket of Kieran Powellbefore making 37 runs off 48 balls in England's failed attempt to chase the score. In the second ODI Root took 2 wickets before hitting 23 runs off 43 balls in the successful run chase. Root batted at number 4 in the third ODI where he made his maiden ODI century hitting 107 runs off 122 balls and also taking 1 wicket in England's 25 run win.^{[citation needed]} He finished the series as a 2–1 winner and ended up with 167 runs (the highest run scorer of both teams) and 4 wickets. For this performance, Root received the Man of the Match for the third ODI and also received the Player of the Series award. Due to sustaining a broken thumb in the final ODI, Root was ruled out of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20.^{[citation needed]}

Joe Root batting against Sri Lanka at Lords, June 2014
During the first ODI against Sri Lanka as part of the Sri Lankan tour in 2014, Root made 45 runs and also took 1 catch in the 81 runs win. During the fourth ODI he made 43 off 68 balls in England's loss. England lost the series 3–2 and Root finished up with 98 runs.

Following the ODI series, in the first Test Match at Lords, Root scored an unbeaten 200 off 298 balls with 16 fours and guided England to their highest Test score against Sri Lanka of 575-9d. He is the fourth youngest English batsman to score a double century.^[44] The series finished 1–0 to Sri Lanka and Root top scored for England with 259 runs.

Root scored his 4th Test century for England in the first Test Match against India at Trent Bridge. His unbeaten 154 helped England recover from 298–9 to post 496 as he and James Anderson shared a world record 10th wicket stand of 198. Although England went into the second innings with a lead, they were unable to force a result. In the second Test of the series, Root made 66 in England's second innings but was unable to prevent a defeat. In the third match of the series, Root made a quick fire 66 in England's second innings to help them force a result and level the series at 1–1. He hit yet another half century in the fourth Test, as England won by an innings to take a 2–1 series lead. In the final Test at the Oval, Root scored his 5th Test century scoring an unbeaten 149 to help England post a first innings score of 486 all out in reply to India's 148 all out. Root won the Man of the Match award for his performance in that Test. This resulted in England winning the match by an innings and secured a 3–1 series win. He finished the Test series with 518 runs and 1 wicket. For his performances in 2014, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC.^[45]

Root had an indifferent time in the ODI series, after the first match was abandoned he made scores of 4 and 2 in the second and third ODI's. However, he made 44 in the fourth game before hitting a match winning 113 in the final game of the series. The series finished 3–1 to India and Root top scored for England making 163 runs.

Now an integral part of the English set-up, Root was selected in the 2014–15 tour to Sri Lanka to play in the 7 game ODI series. He put in a match of the match performance in the 5th ODI by making an unbeaten 104 and helping to guide England to a win that kept the series alive. In the sixth match of the series Root was again one of England's stand out performers, hitting 55. Despite this, England suffered another defeat meaning they trailed 4–2 in the series with just one game left to play. In the final game of the series, Root was again England's top scorer, this time hitting 80 although England went on to lose the match and the series 5–2.

2015[edit]

In the 2015 Cricket World Cup, Root scored five against Australia. 46 (out of England's total of 123) versus New Zealand, a single against Scotland. He made 121 against Sri Lanka and in doing so became the youngest English player to score a century at a World Cup.^{[citation needed]} However, England again suffered a heavy defeat, this time by nine wickets.

Root was selected in the England squad for the 2015 West Indies tour. In the first Test Root continued his good run of form as he hit 83 in England's 399 first innings total. During the second innings Root scored his 6th consecutive half-century score in Tests by posting 59 before being bowled. He also bowled 13 overs and took the wickets of Darren Bravo and key man Shivnarine Chanderpaulin the last innings as the match was drawn. In the second Test Root scored his 6th Test century (also his 1st overseas) when he smashed 182* in 229 balls to help England reach a total of 464. This also took him past 2,000 Test runs. England wrapped the match up to win the Test and take a 1–0 lead in the series. For his performance Root was awarded the Man of the Match. He finished the series with 358 runs and 3 wickets.

In the first Test against New Zealand in 2015, Root continued his impressive form for England. He scored 98 in the first innings to help England recover from a precarious position to post 389. He again contributed in the second innings, scoring 84 to help put England in a strong position. He picked up a wicket in New Zealand's second innings as England won the match by 124 runs. In the second Test, Root was dismissed for one in the first innings and was then dismissed for a duck in the second as England lost the game, meaning the series was drawn at 1–1. He finished the Test series with 183 runs and 1 wicket.

Root was selected in a revamped ODI squad for the 5 game series. In the first ODI, Root batted at 3 and scored his 5th ODI century hitting 104 off 78 balls to help England to a record 408/9 and a 210 run win. He performed more strongly in the third ODI, scoring 54, but England lost again, this time by 3 wickets. In the fourth ODI, he made his 6th ODI century by scoring 106* off 97 to help England chase a target of 350 to win the match and level the series. During this innings he passed 2,000 ODI career runs. In the fifth ODI he scored 4 in England's successful chase giving England a 3–2 series win. Root finished the series with 274 runs.^{[citation needed]} In the only T20 match between the two sides he scored 68 as England went on to win by 56 runs.

Before the 2015 Ashes series began, Root was made England vice-captain.^[46] In the first Test he made a record breaking^[why?]century on the first day of the Ashes series. He scored 134 off 166 balls, helping England to a total of 430. In the second innings he hit 60 runs and took the wickets of Mitchell Johnson and Mitchell Starc before making the winning catch, all of which earned him the man of the match award. England won the Test by 169 runs. In the second Test, He took the wickets of Steve Smith and Peter Nevillin the first innings. The third Test was positive for Root as he made 63 in the first innings to give England a lead before hitting 38* from 63 balls to chase England's target of 121 runs to win the Test. In the fourth Test, Root made three catches as Australia were all out for 60 in 18.3 overs, he then went on to make 130 (his eighth Test century) which made him the youngest ever English batsman to make three Ashes centuries^{[citation needed]} and help England to a 3–1 Ashes win. After this Test, Root reached the number one position in the ICC Test batting rankings, overtaking AB de Villiers and Steve Smith.^[47] After helping England to win the series 3–2, Root was named Man of the Series. He finished the series as England's highest run scorer making 460 runs and taking 4 wickets.

He was rested for the T20 and ODI series.

Root was selected for the England squad on the tour to the UAE in 2015 to face Pakistan. This was the first time that Root faced this opposition.

In the first Test, Root came in at number 4 and managed to score 85 off 143 balls, to help England to a total of 598/9d. In the second innings England were set 99 to win, after a shuffle in the batting order Root came in at number 3 and finished 33* off 29 balls however bad light stopped play with England needing 25 to win and the match ended as a draw. This performance elevated him from No. 3 in the ICC Player Rankings to No. 2 rising above AB de Villiers. During the second Test, Root scored 88 off 141 balls however he threw away the opportunity to convert this into a century. Root also went on to score 71 off 171 balls in the second innings and this put him up to No. 1 on the ICC Player Rankings for a second time rising above Steve Smith.^[48] This also took Joe past 3,000 Test runs. During the third Test Root made scores of 4 and 6 in England's collapse and England succumbed to a 2–0 series loss. Root finished the series with 287 runs, England's second highest run scorer. He was also named in the Test XI of the year 2015 by Cricinfo.^[49]

Having been reinstated into the ODI squad, Root batted at number 3 in the first ODI however he was out for 0. In the second ODI he supported Alex Hales's century with 63 from 77 balls to help England to a 95 run win. The third ODI Joe provided 11 runs in England's successful chase, however in the fourth ODI Root scored another half century, this time hitting 71 runs from 71 balls in England's total of 355/5, as England went on to win the game by 84 runs. Root finished a 3–1 series winner and scored 145 runs.

For his performances in 2015, he was named as 12th man in the World ODI XI by the ICC.^[50]

Joe was not selected for the first T20I as England fielded an experimental side. However he was included in the second T20I and came in to bat at number 4 behind James Vince. Root made 20 runs off 16 balls in the narrow 3 run win. For the third T20, Root was promoted to bat at number 3 with Alex Hales being rested and James Vince opening. Joe scored 32 runs off 22 balls to help England to a total of 154/8. Pakistan reached this total and took the match to a Super Over which England won. Root finished the series as a 3–0 winner and scored a total of 52 runs.

Root was selected for the England squad on the 2015–16 tour to South Africa. This would be the first time Joe would face South Africa in a Test series. In the first warm up game, against an invitational XI, he scored 26 in the first innings and 37 in the second. In the second warm up game against the South African second team, he was much more prolific scoring 117 off 125 balls helping England to a total of 414-6d.

In the first Test of the series, Root made 24 off 37 balls in the first innings before being trapped lbw to Dane Piedt. During the second innings he scored a 73 off 128 balls to help England to a total of 326 and a 241 run win, taking a lead in the series. In the second Test, Joe scored 50 and 29 in a match where both teams posted 600+ runs in the first innings. Root scored his 9th Test century, scoring 110 from 139 balls, in the third Test to help England to surpass South Africa's total of 313. In the second innings (chasing 73) he hit the winning runs to ensure England won the series. This marks the first time since 2004–05 that a team has won a series in South Africa. In the fourth and final Test, Root scored 76 off 128 balls to help England to a score of 342 all out in reply to South Africa's 475. He finished the series as a 2–1 winner and was England's second highest scorer with 386 runs. For his performances in 2015, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC and Cricbuzz.^[50][51]

In the first ODI, Root scored 52 from 58 balls to help back up Jos Buttler's century on the way to England's total of 399 (their third highest ever One Day score. In the second ODI he only made 38 before being bowled. Root backed this up with his 7th ODI century scoring 125 in a losing effort in the third ODI. During the fourth ODI, Root scored 109, his second consecutive century, in another losing effort leaving the series drawn 2–2 coming into the fifth ODI. South Africa went on to win the series 3–2. Root finished as England's second highest scorer with 351 runs.

In the second T20 match, Root scored a quickfire 34 coming from just 18 balls in another losing effort to South Africa. England lost the T20 series 2–0.

2016[edit]

Root was selected in the England squad for the 2016 ICC World Twenty20. He featured in the first match against the West Indies and scored 48 from 36 balls in a losing effort. In the second match against South Africa he scored 83 off 44 balls in England's record breaking chase of 230. Root was named man of the match for this effort. In England's narrow victory against Afghanistan, Root made 12 runs before being run out. In the final group match against Sri Lanka he managed to make 25 and take a crucial catch in England's 10 run win, ensuring their place in the semi final. England faced New Zealand in the semi final and were set to chase 154, Root scored 27* from 22 balls to secure a place in the final. In the final against the West Indies, Root scored 54 from 37 balls in England's 155–9 and took the key wickets of Chris Gayle and Johnson Charles. However this wasn't enough to secure a win. Root finished the tournament as the 3rd highest scorer with 249 runs. Joe Root became only the 3rd player after Shahid Afridi and Marlon Samuels to score a fifty and to take at least a wicket in an ICC World T20 final.^[52] He was also named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo^[53] and Cricbuzz.^[54]

Root was selected in the England squad for the Sri Lankan tour of England. In the second Test, he scored 80 to help England to a first innings total of 498/9d and eventually secure a 9 wicket win and with it, a series win.

In the fourth match of the series, Root scored 65 as England chased down Sri Lanka's target of 306 to win the match by six wickets. He played a crucial innings in the final match of the series, anchoring England's innings with 93 as they set Sri Lanka 325 to win, and England won the game by 122 runs, to win the series 3–0.

In the second Test of the series against Pakistan, Root scored 254, the highest total of his Test career and the second-highest of any English player (third-highest overall) at Old Trafford.^[55] Root went on to receive the man of the match award for his performance as England levelled the series at 1–1. The third Test at Edgbaston was not as memorable, making just 3 in the first innings but then playing a resilient 62 in the second to help England to a total of 445/6 and eventually, a 141 run victory. The final Test was lost by 10 wickets and the series ended in a 2–2 draw. In the ODI series, Root made 61 in the first match as England recorded an opening victory. England won the second match, with Root scoring 89. In the third match, Root scored 85 as England broke the record for the highest ever ODI score, finishing on 444/3.

Root was rested for the ODI series against Bangladesh, but was included in the Test squad. In the first Test against Bangladesh, Root made 40 in the first innings and followed this up with just a single in England's second innings, although they won by 21 runs. In the second Test, Root made 56 in the first innings as England built a first innings lead, but was out for just one in the second innings as England lost the game to draw the series 1–1.

India: 2016–17[edit]

This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources.Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. Find sources: "Joe Root" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Root made 124 in England's first innings of the first Test against India as England made 537. He was dismissed for four in the second innings as the match ended in a draw. In the second Test Root scored 53 in the first innings, before making 25 in the second, although England suffered a defeat of 248 runs. In the third Test he made 15 in England's first innings total of 283, before making 78 in England's second innings total of 236 as England lost by eight wickets. In the fourth Test Root made 21 in the first innings, and although he made 77 in the second innings, he could not prevent England from suffering another defeat. In the final Test of the series, Root made 88 in the first innings as England posted 477, but was out for just six in the second innings as England collapsed to lose by an innings and 75 runs. For his performances in 2016, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC^[56] and Cricinfo.^[57]

Root made 78 in the first ODI against India as England made 350/7, although England lost by three wickets. In the second ODI he made 54 as England narrowly lost by 5 runs. Injury ruled Root out of the final ODI. Root made an unbeaten 46 in the first T20I as England won seven wickets. He made 38 in the second match as India won by five runs. In the final match of the series Root made 42 but England fell short of India's target to lose by 75 runs to lose the series 2–1.

West Indies: 2017[edit]

He was also named as part of the 'Team of the Tournament' at the 2017 Champions Trophy by the ICC.^[58]

Root made four in England's first ODI against the West Indies as England won the game. In the second game he made an unbeaten 90 to guide England to a four wicket victory to take a 2–0 series lead. In the final match of the series he made 101 as England posted 328 and won by 186 runs winning the series 3–0.

During the second Test of the series, he equalled AB de Villiers' record of scoring a half-century in 12 consecutive Test matches.^[59]

On 29 September 2017, during the fifth ODI of the series, Root became the third-fastest batsman, in terms of number of innings, to score 4,000 runs in ODIs (91).

Ashes series: 2017–18[edit]

Root captained the English team in 2017-18 Ashes series in an unsuccessful defence of the Ashes, losing the four of the five Tests. In Brisbane England batted first and scored 302 and 195, with Root's scores being 15 and 51. In the second Test at Adelaide Root's scored 9 and 67 out of totals of 227 and 233. In Perth, England scored 403 and 218, Root's scores 20 and 14, while Australia made 662/9 declared, winning the match and the series before tea on the final day. In the final match, he retired at 59 in the second innings after succumbing to gastroenteritis. He failed to convert any of his five half-centuries into centuries in the series.^[60] His next century did not come until 10 September 2018 against India at The Oval in the second innings, where Alastair Cook also scored a century on his final test match.^[61]

2018: Pakistan & India[edit]

England drew 1–1 at home to Pakistan in a 2 match series.

England bounced back and beat India 4–1. Root failed to make a score in the first 4 tests, but scored 125 in the last test. This was his first century of 2018 after going without a century in the last 3 test series (Australia, New Zealand and Pakistan). This was also Root's last game with former captain Alistair Cook. Root impressed in the preceding ODI series against India, scoring 217 runs, which included two back-to-back centuries.

In 2018 ODIs, he scored a total of 800 runs from 19 innings.^[62]

Sri Lanka: 2018[edit]

Root became the first English captain to win a test series in Sri Lanka since 2001, thus ending a run of 17 series in Sri Lanka without a win.^[63][64] He scored 124 in the 2nd test to secure a series win; his first ever test series away win as captain.^[65] This was also the first away test series win England had won since 2016.^[66]

2019: Cricket World Cup[edit]

In April 2019, he was named in England's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup.^[67][68] He had a good start to the tournament, scoring two centuries (against Pakistan and West Indies) and three fifties in England's first six matches.^[69] On 21 June 2019, in the match against Sri Lanka, Root played in his 250th international match for England.^[70]

He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2019 World Cup by the ICC. They stated that "England's run machine over the years, Joe Root was the glue that held their famed batting together through the tournament. The Yorkshire batsman finished as the fifth highest run-scorer of the tournament, with 556 runs from 11 innings. Root's flawless technique and ability to keep the scoreboard moving by rotating the strike and finding the boundaries when required makes him a perfect No.3 in this line-up".^[71]

Ashes Series: 2019[edit]

Root captained England in the 2019 Ashes Series, as England and Australia drew 2–2 with Australia retaining the Ashes. Root's batting position was widely discussed in the build-up to the series, with Root eventually moving up the order to bat at three.^[72][73]Root made a half century in the first Test as Australia won by 251 runs,^[74] while the second Test at Lord's was drawn, with Root making 14 and 0.^[75] Steve Smith, who made twin hundreds in the first Test and was a thorn in England's side throughout the previous Ashes series,^[76] missed the third Test with a concussion.^[77] England capitalised by levelling the series courtesy of an incredible one wicket win at Headingley, with Ben Stokes making 135* in a record fourth innings chase for England, Joe Root scoring 0 and 77.^[78][79] Australia retained the Ashes with a 185 run victory at Old Trafford in the fourth Test, helped by a first innings double hundred from the returning Steve Smith, as Root made scores of 71 and 0.^[80][81] England restored some pride at the Oval with a 135 run victory to conclude the series, which was drawn 2-2.^[82] Root again made a half-century but failed to score a century in the series, leading to further criticism of Root's conversion rate.^[83] Root averaged just 32.50 throughout the series.^[84]

2019-20: New Zealand & South Africa[edit]

In December 2019, in the second Test match against New Zealand, Root scored his first double century as captain of England,^[85]and became the first visiting captain to score a double century in New Zealand in Test cricket.^[86]

Root captained England to a 3–1 series victory in South Africa, which he described as his 'proudest result' as captain.^[87][88] England got off to a slow start, losing the first test at Centurion,^[89] but came back to win the series comfortably.^[90] In the third Test he took career best bowling figures of 4-87 as England won on a turning Port Elizabeth pitch.^[91] Root had a consistent series with the bat, making three half-centuries,^[92] but was criticised once more for not converting his fifties into hundreds.^[93][94]

2020 West Indies & Pakistan[edit]

On 29 May 2020, Root was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic.^[95][96] On 17 June 2020, Root was included in England's 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the Test series against the West Indies.^[97][98]

In order to be present for the birth of his second child Root missed the first test against West Indies,^[99] which England lost although he captained them to win the 3 match series 2–1.^[100]

Root captained England to a second series win of the summer with a 1–0 win in the three test series against Pakistan. England won the first test followed by two rain affected draws.^[101]

In November 2020, Root was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade and the award for Test cricketer of the decade.^[102][103]

2021 Sri Lanka & India[edit]

Root led England for the two match Test series against Sri Lanka, which was previously postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the first Test, Root scored 228, his 18th Test century and his first for 13 months. For his efforts (which led to England winning by 7 wickets), he was named Man of the Match. Root’s run of form continued into the second, where, by scoring 186, he became the first Englishman since David Gower to pass 150 in consecutive Tests. During the innings he also overtook Geoffrey Boycott, Kevin Pietersen and Gower to become the fourth-highest Test run-scorer for England. In the first innings of the first test against India he scored yet another double hundred and was named the man of the match.

Captaincy[edit]

Root replaced Alastair Cook as the full-time Test captain on 13 February 2017 following the latter's resignation, making him England's 80th captain.^[104] In his first match as the captain, on 6 July 2017, against South Africa at Lord's, Root scored his 12th Test century with an innings of 190. He was the 6th (and highest scoring) England player to score a Test century on captaincy debut. He also had an influence on county teammate Gary Ballance's recall to the England squad.^[105]

Root led what was regarded as a comparatively weak English team to Australia for the Ashes series of 2017–2018, the urn being ceded by the conclusion of the third game of the series. Root's decision to give Australia first use of the Adelaide pitch in the second Test was questioned by some commentators, while others acknowledged that giving his bowlers first use of the ball in this day-night match may have given his team their best chance.^[106] Perhaps a more telling criticism was that of former captain of Australia Ian Chappell, who claimed that Root's captaincy was too defensive, more concerned with defending runs than taking wickets. The loss of the series led to media criticism.^[107] Also, while Steve Smith and Virat Kohli both had better batting avera

Edward Snowden

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

Edward Snowden
Snowden in 2013
Born	Edward Joseph Snowden June 21, 1983 (age 37) Elizabeth City, North Carolina, U.S.
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Anne Arundel Community College University of Liverpool
Occupation	Computer security consultant
Employer	Booz Allen Hamilton Kunia Camp, Hawaii, U.S. (until June 10, 2013)
Known for	Revealing details of classified United States government surveillance programs
Spouse(s)	Lindsay Mills​(m. 2017)​
Awards	Right Livelihood Award
Signature

Part of a series on
Global surveillance
Disclosures
Origins Pre-2013 2013–present Reactions
Systems
XKeyscore PRISM ECHELON Carnivore Dishfire Stone Ghost Tempora Frenchelon Fairview MYSTIC DCSN Boundless Informant Bullrun Pinwale Stingray SORM RAMPART-A
Agencies
NSA R&AW CSE BND CNI ASIO DGSE Five Eyes FSB MSS
People
Michael S. Rogers Keith Alexander James Bamford James Clapper Duncan Campbell Edward Snowden Russ Tice George W. Bush Barack Obama Julian Assange
Places
The Doughnut Fort Meade Menwith Hill Pine Gap Southern Cross Cable Utah Data Center Bad Aibling Station Dagger Complex
Laws
Five Eyes UKUSA Agreement Lustre U.S. USA Freedom Act FISA amendments EU Data Retention Directive Data Protection Directive China National Intelligence Law Cybersecurity Law
Proposed changes
U.S. FISA Improvements Act Other proposals
Concepts
Mass surveillance Culture of fear Secure communication SIGINT Call detail record Surveillance issues in smart cities
Related topics
Espionage Intelligence agency Cryptography Tor VPNs TLS Human rights Privacy Liberty Satellites Stop Watching Us Nothing to hide argument
v t e

National Security Agencysurveillance
Map of global NSA data collection, with states subject to the most data collection shown in red
showPrograms
showLegislation
showInstitutions
showLawsuits
showWhistleblowers
showPublication
showRelated
showConcepts
showCollaboration
v t e

Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American whistleblower who copied and leaked highly classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013 when he was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee and subcontractor. His disclosures revealed numerous global surveillance programs, many run by the NSA and the Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance with the cooperation of telecommunication companiesand European governments, and prompted a cultural discussion about national securityand individual privacy.

In 2013, Snowden was hired by an NSA contractor, Booz Allen Hamilton, after previous employment with Dell and the CIA.^[1] Snowden says he gradually became disillusioned with the programs with which he was involved, and that he tried to raise his ethical concerns through internal channels but was ignored. On May 20, 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong after leaving his job at an NSA facility in Hawaii, and in early June he revealed thousands of classified NSA documents to journalists Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras, Barton Gellman, and Ewen MacAskill. Snowden came to international attention after stories based on the material appeared in The Guardian, The Washington Post, and other publications.

On June 21, 2013, the United States Department of Justice unsealed charges against Snowden of two counts of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 and theft of government property,^[2] following which the Department of State revoked his passport.^[3] Two days later, he flew into Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport, where Russian authorities observed the cancelled passport, and he was restricted to the airport terminal for over one month. Russia later granted Snowden the right of asylum with an initial visa for residence for one year, which was subsequently repeatedly extended. In October 2020, he was granted permanent residency in Russia.^[4]

A subject of controversy, Snowden has been variously called a traitor,^[5][6][7] a hero,^[8][9][10]a whistleblower,^{[11][12][13][14]} a dissident,^[15] and a patriot.^[16][17][18] U.S. officials condemned his actions as having done "grave damage" to the U.S. intelligence capabilities.^[19] Snowden has defended his leaks as an effort "to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them."^[20] His disclosures have fueled debates over mass surveillance, government secrecy, and the balance between national security and information privacy.

In early 2016, Snowden became the president of the Freedom of the Press Foundation, a San Francisco-based nonprofit organization that aims to protect journalists from hacking and government surveillance.^[21] In 2017, he married Lindsay Mills. On September 17, 2019, his memoir Permanent Record was published.^[22] On September 2, 2020, a U.S. federal court ruled that the U.S. intelligence's mass surveillance program, exposed by Edward Snowden, was illegal, and possibly unconstitutional.^[23]

Contents

• 1Background
  • 1.1Childhood, family, and education
  • 1.2Political views
  • 1.3Career
    • 1.3.1Employment at CIA
    • 1.3.2NSA sub-contractee as an employee at Dell
    • 1.3.3NSA sub-contractee as an employee at Booz Allen Hamilton
  • 1.4Whistleblower status
• 2Global surveillance disclosures
  • 2.1Size and scope of disclosures
  • 2.2Potential impact on U.S. national security
  • 2.3Release of NSA documents
  • 2.4Publication
  • 2.5Revelations
  • 2.6Motivations
• 3Flight from the United States
  • 3.1Hong Kong
  • 3.2Russia
    • 3.2.1Morales plane incident
    • 3.2.2Asylum applications
  • 3.3Eric Holder letter to Russian Justice Minister
• 4Criminal charges
  • 4.1Analysis of Criminal Complaint
  • 4.2Snowden response to Criminal Complaint
• 5Civil lawsuit
• 6Asylum in Russia
• 7Reaction
  • 7.1United States
    • 7.1.1Barack Obama
    • 7.1.2Donald Trump
    • 7.1.3Public figures
    • 7.1.4Government officials
    • 7.1.5Debate
    • 7.1.6Presidential panel
    • 7.1.7Court rulings (United States)
    • 7.1.8USA Freedom Act
  • 7.2Europe
    • 7.2.1Austria, Italy and Switzerland
    • 7.2.2France
    • 7.2.3Germany
    • 7.2.4Scandinavia
  • 7.3Latin and South America
  • 7.4International community
  • 7.5Public opinion polls
  • 7.6Recognition
  • 7.7Teleconference speaking engagements
  • 7.8The "Snowden effect"
• 8Jewel v. NSA
• 9Bibliography
• 10In popular culture
• 11See also
• 12Notes
• 13References
• 14Further reading
• 15External links

Background[edit]

Childhood, family, and education[edit]

Edward Joseph Snowden was born on June 21, 1983,^[24] in Elizabeth City, North Carolina.^[25] His maternal grandfather, Edward J. Barrett,^[26][27] a rear admiral in the U.S. Coast Guard, became a senior official with the FBI and was at the Pentagon in 2001 during the September 11 attacks.^[28] Snowden's father, Lonnie, was also an officer in the Coast Guard,^[29] and his mother, Elizabeth, is a clerk at the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland.^{[30][31][32][33][34]} His older sister, Jessica, was a lawyer at the Federal Judicial Center in Washington, D.C. Edward Snowden said that he had expected to work for the federal government, as had the rest of his family.^[35] His parents divorced in 2001,^[36] and his father remarried.^[37] Snowden scored consistently above 145 on two separate IQ tests.^[35]

In the early 1990s, while still in grade school, Snowden moved with his family to the area of Fort Meade, Maryland.^[38] Mononucleosiscaused him to miss high school for almost nine months.^[35] Rather than returning to school, he passed the GED test^[20] and took classes at Anne Arundel Community College.^[32] Although Snowden had no undergraduate college degree,^[39] he worked online toward a master's degree at the University of Liverpool, England, in 2011.^[40] He was interested in Japanese popular culture, had studied the Japanese language,^[41] and worked for an anime company that had a resident office in the U.S.^[42][43] He also said he had a basic understanding of Mandarin Chinese and was deeply interested in martial arts. At age 20, he listed Buddhism as his religion on a military recruitment form, noting that the choice of agnostic was "strangely absent."^[44] In September 2019, as part of interviews relating to the release of his memoir Permanent Record, Snowden revealed to The Guardian that he married Lindsay Mills in a courthouse in Moscow.^[22] The couple has a son born in December 2020. ^{[45] [46]}

Political views[edit]

Snowden has said that, in the 2008 presidential election, he voted for a third-party candidate, though he "believed in Obama's promises." Following the election, he believed President Barack Obama was continuing policies espoused by George W. Bush.^[47]

In accounts published in June 2013, interviewers noted that Snowden's laptop displayed stickers supporting Internet freedom organizations including the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the Tor Project.^[20] A week after publication of his leaks began, Ars Technica confirmed that Snowden had been an active participant at the site's online forum from 2001 through May 2012, discussing a variety of topics under the pseudonym "TheTrueHOOHA."^[48] In an online discussion about racism in 2009, Snowden said in an online chat: ''I went to London just last year it's where all of your muslims live I didn't want to get out of the car. I thought I had gotten off of the plane in the wrong country... it was terrifying.''^{[49][50][51][52]} In a January 2009 entry, TheTrueHOOHA exhibited strong support for the U.S. security state apparatus and said leakers of classified information "should be shot in the balls."^[53]However, Snowden disliked Obama's CIA director appointment of Leon Panetta, saying "Obama just named a fucking politician to run the CIA."^[54] Snowden was also offended by a possible ban on assault weapons, writing "Me and all my lunatic, gun-toting NRA compatriots would be on the steps of Congress before the C-Span feed finished."^[54] Snowden disliked Obama's economic policies, was against Social Security, and favored Ron Paul's call for a return to the gold standard.^[54] In 2014, Snowden supported a Universal Basic Income.^[55]

Career[edit]

Feeling a duty to fight in the Iraq War to help free oppressed people,^[20] Snowden enlisted in the United States Army on May 7, 2004, and became a Special Forces candidate through its 18X enlistment option.^[56] He did not complete the training^[24] due to bilateral tibial stress fractures,^[57][58] and was discharged on September 28, 2004.^[59]

Snowden was then employed for less than a year in 2005 as a security guard at the University of Maryland's Center for Advanced Study of Language, a research center sponsored by the National Security Agency (NSA).^[60] According to the University, this is not a classified facility,^[61] though it is heavily guarded.^[62] In June 2014, Snowden told Wired that his job as a security guard required a high-level security clearance, for which he passed a polygraph exam and underwent a stringent background investigation.^[35]

Employment at CIA[edit]

After attending a 2006 job-fair focused on intelligence agencies, Snowden accepted an offer for a position at the CIA.^[35][63] The Agency assigned him to the global communications division at CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia.^[35]

In May 2006, Snowden wrote in Ars Technica that he had no trouble getting work because he was a "computer wizard".^[44] After distinguishing himself as a junior employee on the top computer team, Snowden was sent to the CIA's secret school for technology specialists, where he lived in a hotel for six months while studying and training full-time.^[35]

In March 2007, the CIA stationed Snowden with diplomatic cover in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was responsible for maintaining computer-network security.^[35][64] Assigned to the U.S. Permanent Mission to the United Nations, a diplomatic mission representing U.S. interests before the UN and other international organizations, Snowden received a diplomatic passport and a four-bedroom apartment near Lake Geneva.^[35] According to Greenwald, while there Snowden was "considered the top technical and cybersecurity expert" in that country and "was hand-picked by the CIA to support the president at the 2008 NATO summit in Romania".^[65] Snowden described his CIA experience in Geneva as formative, stating that the CIA deliberately got a Swiss banker drunk and encouraged him to drive home. Snowden said that when the latter was arrested for drunk driving, a CIA operative offered to help in exchange for the banker becoming an informant.^[66] Ueli Maurer, President of the Swiss Confederation for the year 2013, publicly disputed Snowden's claims in June of that year. "This would mean that the CIA successfully bribed the Geneva police and judiciary. With all due respect, I just can't imagine it," said Maurer.^[67] In February 2009, Snowden resigned from the CIA.^[68]

NSA sub-contractee as an employee at Dell[edit]

In 2009, Snowden began work as a contractee for Dell,^[69] which manages computer systems for multiple government agencies. Assigned to an NSA facility at Yokota Air Base near Tokyo, Snowden instructed top officials and military officers on how to defend their networks from Chinese hackers.^[35] Snowden looked into mass surveillance in China which prompted him to investigate and then expose Washington's mass surveillance program after he was asked in 2009 to brief a conference in Tokyo.^[70] During his four years with Dell, he rose from supervising NSA computer system upgrades to working as what his résumé termed a "cyberstrategist" and an "expert in cyber counterintelligence" at several U.S. locations.^[71] In 2011, he returned to Maryland, where he spent a year as lead technologist on Dell's CIA account. In that capacity, he was consulted by the chiefs of the CIA's technical branches, including the agency's chief information officer and its chief technology officer.^[35] U.S. officials and other sources familiar with the investigation said Snowden began downloading documents describing the government's electronic spying programs while working for Dell in April 2012.^[69] Investigators estimated that of the 50,000 to 200,000 documents Snowden gave to Greenwald and Poitras, most were copied by Snowden while working at Dell.^[1]

In March 2012, Dell reassigned Snowden to Hawaii as lead technologist for the NSA's information-sharing office.^[35]

Whistleblower status[edit]

Snowden has described himself as a whistleblower,^[89] a description used by many sources, including CNBC,^[90] The New Yorker,^[91]Reuters,^[92] and The Guardian,^[93] among others.^[94][95][96] The term has both informal and legal meanings.

Snowden has said that he had told multiple employees and two supervisors about his concerns, but the NSA disputes his claim.^[97]Snowden elaborated in January 2014, saying "[I] made tremendous efforts to report these programs to co-workers, supervisors, and anyone with the proper clearance who would listen. The reactions of those I told about the scale of the constitutional violations ranged from deeply concerned to appalled, but no one was willing to risk their jobs, families, and possibly even freedom to go to [[i][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic]sic[/url][/i]] through what [Thomas Andrews] [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Drake]Drake[/url] did."[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-live-83][83][/url][/sup][sup][url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-newyorker01232014-98][98][/url][/sup] In March 2014, during testimony to the European Parliament, Snowden wrote that before revealing classified information he had reported "clearly problematic programs" to ten officials, who he said did nothing in response.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-WaPo10reports-99][99][/url][/sup] In a May 2014 interview, Snowden told [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News]NBC News[/url] that after bringing his concerns about the legality of the NSA spying programs to officials, he was told to stay silent on the matter. He asserted that the NSA had copies of emails he sent to their Office of General Counsel, oversight and compliance personnel broaching "concerns about the NSA's interpretations of its legal authorities. I had raised these complaints not just officially in writing through email, but to my supervisors, to my colleagues, in more than one office."[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-NBCNews_Motive_Revealed-28][28][/url][/sup]

In May 2014, U.S. officials released a single email that Snowden had written in April 2013 inquiring about legal authorities but said that they had found no other evidence that Snowden had expressed his concerns to someone in an oversight position.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-100][100][/url][/sup] In June 2014, the NSA said it had not been able to find any records of Snowden raising internal complaints about the agency's operations.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-101][101][/url][/sup] That same month, Snowden explained that he has not produced the communiqués in question because of the ongoing nature of the dispute, disclosing for the first time that "I am working with the NSA in regard to these records and we're going back and forth, so I don't want to reveal everything that will come out."[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-102][102][/url][/sup]

Self-description as a whistleblower and attribution as such in news reports does not determine whether he qualifies as a whistleblower within the meaning of the [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower_Protection_Act]Whistleblower Protection Act[/url] of 1989 (5 USC 2303(b)(8)-(9); Pub. Law 101-12). However, Snowden's potential status as a Whistleblower under the 1989 Act is not directly addressed in the criminal complaint against him in the [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia]United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia[/url] (see below) (Case No. 1:13 CR 265 (0MH)). These and similar and related issues are discussed in an essay by David Pozen, in a chapter of the book [i]Whistleblowing Nation[/i], published in March 2020,[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-whistleblower-nation-103][103][/url][/sup] an adaptation of which [sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-104][104][/url][/sup] also appeared on [i]Lawfare Blog[/i] in March 2019.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-105][105][/url][/sup] The unclassified portion of a September 15, 2016 report by the [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence]United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence[/url] (HPSCI), initiated by the Chairman and Ranking Member in August 2014, and posted on the website of the [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists]Federation of American Scientists[/url], concluded that Snowden was not a whistleblower in the sense required by the Whistleblower Protection Act.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-hpsci-report-106][106][/url][/sup] The bulk of the report is classified.
[h2]Global surveillance disclosures[[url=en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Snowden&action=edit&section=9&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro]edit[/url]][/h2]Main article: [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)]Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)[/url][h3]Size and scope of disclosures[[url=en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Snowden&action=edit&section=10&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro]edit[/url]][/h3]
The exact size of Snowden's disclosure is unknown,[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-autogenerated6-107][107][/url][/sup] but Australian officials have estimated 15,000 or more [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community]Australian intelligence[/url]files[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-australian20k-108][108][/url][/sup] and British officials estimate at least 58,000 [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies_of_the_United_Kingdom]British intelligence[/url] files were included.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-109][109][/url][/sup] NSA Director [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_B._Alexander]Keith Alexander[/url] initially estimated that Snowden had copied anywhere from 50,000 to 200,000 NSA documents.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-Hosenball-110][110][/url][/sup] Later estimates provided by U.S. officials were in the order of 1.7 million,[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-mostpentagon-111][111][/url][/sup] a number that originally came from [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense]Department of Defense[/url] talking points.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-ViceNewsJune2015-112][112][/url][/sup] In July 2014, [i]The Washington Post[/i] reported on a cache previously provided by Snowden from domestic NSA operations consisting of "roughly 160,000 intercepted e-mail and instant-message conversations, some of them hundreds of pages long, and 7,900 documents taken from more than 11,000 online accounts."[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-WaPoTargets-113][113][/url][/sup] A U.S. [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency]Defense Intelligence Agency[/url] report declassified in June 2015 said that Snowden took 900,000 Department of Defense files, more than he downloaded from the NSA.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-ViceNewsJune2015-112][112][/url][/sup]
[h3]Potential impact on U.S. national security[[url=en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Snowden&action=edit&section=11&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro]edit[/url]][/h3]
In March 2014, Army General [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Dempsey]Martin Dempsey[/url], [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff]Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff[/url], told the [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services]House Armed Services Committee[/url], "The vast majority of the documents that Snowden ... exfiltrated from our highest levels of security ... had nothing to do with exposing government oversight of domestic activities. The vast majority of those were related to our military capabilities, operations, tactics, techniques and procedures."[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-114][114][/url][/sup] When asked in a May 2014 interview to quantify the number of documents Snowden stole, retired NSA director Keith Alexander said there was no accurate way of counting what he took, but Snowden may have downloaded more than a million documents.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-AlexanderTrascriptDontKnowWhatHeTook-115][115][/url][/sup] The September 15, 2016 HPSCI report[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-hpsci-report-106][106][/url][/sup] estimated the number of downloaded documents at 1.5 million.

In a 2013 [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press]Associated Press[/url] interview, [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald]Glenn Greenwald[/url] stated [sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-Greenwald-ap-2013-116][116][/url][/sup]
[quote]
"In order to take documents with him that proved that what he was saying was true he had to take ones that included very sensitive, detailed blueprints of how the NSA does what they do."
[/quote]
Thus the Snowden documents allegedly contained sensitive NSA [i]blueprints[/i] detailing how the NSA operates, and which would allow someone who read them to evade or even duplicate NSA surveillance. Further, a July 20, 2015 New York Times article[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-nyt-july-2015-117][117][/url][/sup] reported that the terror group [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant]Islamic State[/url] (ISIS or ISIL) had studied revelations from Snowden, about how the [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States]United States[/url] gathered information on militants, the main result is that the group's top leaders used couriers or encrypted channels to avoid being tracked or monitoring of their communications by Western analysts.

According to Snowden, he did not indiscriminately turn over documents to journalists, stating that "I carefully evaluated every single document I disclosed to ensure that each was legitimately in the public interest. There are all sorts of documents that would have made a big impact that I didn't turn over"[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-guardian-reveal-20][20][/url][/sup] and that "I have to screen everything before releasing it to journalists ... If I have time to go through this information, I would like to make it available to journalists in each country."[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-SCMPJune24-75][75][/url][/sup] Despite these measures, the improper redaction of a document by the [i]New York Times[/i] resulted in the exposure of intelligence activity against al-Qaeda.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-118][118][/url][/sup]

In June 2014, the NSA's recently installed director, [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy]U.S. Navy[/url] [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)]Admiral[/url] [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Rogers]Michael S. Rogers[/url], said that while some terrorist groups had altered their communications to avoid surveillance techniques revealed by Snowden, the damage done was not significant enough to conclude that "the sky is falling."[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-SkyNotFalling-119][119][/url][/sup] Nevertheless, in February 2015, Rogers said that Snowden's disclosures had a material impact on the NSA's detection and evaluation of terrorist activities worldwide.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-120][120][/url][/sup]

On June 14, 2015, UK's [i]Sunday Times[/i] reported that Russian and Chinese intelligence services had decrypted more than 1 million classified files in the Snowden cache, forcing the UK's [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6]MI6[/url] intelligence agency to move agents out of live operations in hostile countries. [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_David_Omand]Sir David Omand[/url], a former director of the UK's [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCHQ]GCHQ[/url] intelligence gathering agency, described it as a huge strategic setback that was harming Britain, America, and their NATO allies. [i]The Sunday Times[/i] said it was not clear whether Russia and China stole Snowden's data or whether Snowden voluntarily handed it over to remain at liberty in Hong Kong and Moscow.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-121][121][/url][/sup][sup][url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-122][122][/url][/sup] In April 2015 the [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society]Henry Jackson Society[/url], a British [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservative]neoconservative[/url] [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank]think tank[/url], published a report claiming that Snowden's intelligence leaks negatively impacted Britain's ability to fight terrorism and organized crime.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-123][123][/url][/sup] Gus Hosein, executive director of [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_International]Privacy International[/url], criticized the report for, in his opinion, presuming that the public became concerned about privacy only after Snowden's disclosures.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-124][124][/url][/sup]
[h3]Release of NSA documents[[url=en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Snowden&action=edit&section=12&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro]edit[/url]][/h3]
Snowden's decision to leak NSA documents developed gradually following his March 2007 posting as a technician to the Geneva CIA station.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-Risen-125][125][/url][/sup] Snowden first made contact with [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald]Glenn Greenwald[/url], a journalist working at [i]The Guardian[/i], on December 1, 2012.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-Maass-126][126][/url][/sup][sup][url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-Reitman-127][127][/url][/sup]He contacted Greenwald anonymously as "Cincinnatus"[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-128][128][/url][/sup] and said he had sensitive documents that he would like to share.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-autogenerated1-129][129][/url][/sup]Greenwald found the measures that the source asked him to take to secure their communications, such as encrypting email, too annoying to employ. Snowden then contacted documentary filmmaker [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Poitras]Laura Poitras[/url] in January 2013.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-poitras-how-130][130][/url][/sup] According to Poitras, Snowden chose to contact her after seeing her [i]New York Times[/i] article about NSA whistleblower [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Binney_(U.S._intelligence_official)]William Binney[/url].[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-131][131][/url][/sup] What originally attracted Snowden to both Greenwald and Poitras was a [i][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)]Salon[/url][/i] article written by Greenwald detailing how Poitras's controversial films had made her a target of the government.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-autogenerated1-129][129][/url][/sup]

Greenwald began working with Snowden in either February[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-politico-journalist-spat-132][132][/url][/sup] or April 2013, after Poitras asked Greenwald to meet her in New York City, at which point Snowden began providing documents to them.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-Maass-126][126][/url][/sup] [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Gellman]Barton Gellman[/url], writing for [i]The Washington Post[/i], says his first direct contact was on May 16, 2013.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-gellman-recount-133][133][/url][/sup] According to Gellman, Snowden approached Greenwald after the [i]Post[/i] declined to guarantee publication within 72 hours of all 41 PowerPoint slides that Snowden had leaked exposing the [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)]PRISM[/url] electronic data mining program, and to publish online an encrypted code allowing Snowden to later prove that he was the source.[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-gellman-recount-133][133][/url][/sup]

Snowden communicated using [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_encryption]encrypted email[/url],[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-poitras-how-130][130][/url][/sup] and going by the codename "[url=en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verax]Verax[/url]". He asked not to be quoted at length for fear of identification by [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylometry]stylometry[/url].[sup][url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-gellman-recount-133][133][/url][/sup]

According to Gellman, before their first meeting in person, Snowden wrote, "I understand that I will be made to suffer for my actions, and that the return of this information to the public marks my end."[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-gellman-recount-133][133][/url][/sup] Snowden also told Gellman that until the articles were published, the journalists working with him would also be at mortal risk from the [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community]United States Intelligence Community[/url] "if they think you are the single point of failure that could stop this disclosure and make them the sole owner of this information."[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-gellman-recount-133][133][/url][/sup]

In May 2013, Snowden was permitted temporary leave from his position at the NSA in Hawaii, on the pretext of receiving treatment for his [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy]epilepsy[/url].[sup][url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-guardian-reveal-20][20][/url][/sup] In mid-May, Snowden gave an electronic interview to Poitras and [url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Appelbaum]Jacob Appelbaum[/url] which was published weeks later by [i][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel]Der Spiegel[/url][/i].[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-Der_Spiegel-134][134][/url][/sup]

After disclosing the copied documents, Snowden promised that nothing would stop subsequent disclosures. In June 2013, he said, "All I can say right now is the US government is not going to be able to cover this up by jailing or murdering me. Truth is coming, and it cannot be stopped."[sup][url=en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden#cite_note-135][135][/url][/sup]

Hbjhbheichiybgergycgwvkccvvvwsvkxuwgwktgiiuehyfxywqgqgatvgsbhdhiufhbfdnhkjcejbgfyughshsbj,joinuthfelslsxlssñsxlswhgwdkhgxcgsvcgsutxfgjabjkiuxhcbxcbjhjzyuwhhhjzdxzdqxwskjzkakpkmmeokjwcc hbjhbheichiybgergycgwvkccvvvwsvkxuwgwktgiiuehyfxywqgqgatvgsbhdhiufhbfdnhkjcejbgfyughshsbj,joinuthfelslsxlssñsxlswhgwdkhgxcgsvcgsutxfgjabjkiuxhcbxcbjhjzyuwhhhjzdxzdqxwskjzkakpkmmeokjwcc hbjhbheichiybgergycgwvkccvvvwsvkxuwgwktgiiuehyfxywqgqgatvgsbhdhiufhbfdnhkjcejbgfyughshsbj,joinuthfelslsxlssñsxlswhgwdkhgxcgsvcgsutxfgjabjkiuxhcbxcbjhjzyuwhhhjzdxzdqxwskjzkakpkmmeokjwcc hbjhbheichiybgergycgwvkccvvvwsvkxuwgwktgiiuehyfxywqgqgatvgsbhdhiufhbfdnhkjcejbgfyughshsbj,joinuthfelslsxlssñsxlswhgwdkhgxcgsvcgsutxfgjabjkiuxhcbxcbjhjzyuwhhhjzdxzdqxwskjzkakpkmmeokjwcc hbjhbheichiybgergycgwvkccvvvwsvkxuwgwktgiiuehyfxywqgqgatvgsbhdhiufhbfdnhkjcejbgfyughshsbj,joinuthfelslsxlssñsxlswhgwdkhgxcgsvcgsutxfgjabjkiuxhcbxcbjhjzyuwhhhjzdxzdqxwskjzkakpkmmeokjwcc hbjhbheichiybgergycgwvkccvvvwsvkxuwgwktgiiuehyfxywqgqgatvgsbhdhiufhbfdnhkjcejbgfyughshsbj,joinuthfelslsxlssñsxlswhgwdkhgxcgsvcgsutxfgjabjkiuxhcbxcbjhjzyuwhhhjzdxzdqxwskjzkakpkmmeokjwcc hbjhbheichiybgergycgwvkccvvvwsvkxuwgwktgiiuehyfxywqgqgatvgsbhdhiufhbfdnhkjcejbgfyughshsbj,joinuthfelslsxlssñsxlswhgwdkhgxcgsvcgsutxfgjabjkiuxhcbxcbjhjzyuwhhhjzdxzdqxwskjzkakpkmmeokjwcc hbjhbheichiybgergycgwvkccvvvwsvkxuwgwktgiiuehyfxywqgqgatvgsbhdhiufhbfdnhkjcejbgfyughshsbj,joinuthfelslsxlssñsxlswhgwdkhgxcgsvcgsutxfgjabjkiuxhcbxcbjhjzyuwhhhjzdxzdqxwskjzkakpkmmeokjwcc

I just spilled water on my blanket and I feel super bad for the blanket and the water.